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{{Afghanistan | {{CountrySidebar | ||
|Country=Afghanistan | |||
|Name=Afghanistan | |||
|Type=Topic | |||
|Topic Type=Background | |||
|Background=Languages | |||
|Rating=Standardized | |||
}}{{breadcrumb | |||
| link1=[[Afghanistan Genealogy|Afghanistan]] | | link1=[[Afghanistan Genealogy|Afghanistan]] | ||
| link2= | | link2= | ||
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| link5=[[Afghanistan Languages|Languages]] | | link5=[[Afghanistan Languages|Languages]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Online Resources== | |||
*[http://thepashto.com/ Pashto online dictionary] | |||
*[http://www.lexilogos.com/english/pashto_dictionary.htm Pashto Language resources] | |||
*[http://www.afghan-web.com/language/ Afghanistan Languages (afghan-web)] | |||
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan Afghanistan (Britannica)] | |||
==Description== | |||
With upwards of 40 distinct languages, Afghanistan is a linguistically diverse nation.<br> | |||
The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari '''Dari or Dari Persian '''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto '''Pashto'''] have official status in Afghanistan and are two of the leading languages in the country. <br> | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari '''Dari or Dari Persian ''']<br> | |||
** is spoken by 78% as a native language or 2nd language | |||
** is the most widely understood language as a shared language between multiple ethnic groups in the country<br> | |||
** has served as a historical Lingua Franca between different linguistic groups in the region<br> | |||
** is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages Irainian Language] <br> | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto '''Pashto''']<br> | |||
** is spoken by 35% | |||
** is not multi-ethnic and is not as commonly spoken by non-Pashtuns | |||
** is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages Iranian language] <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Afghanistan," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan, accessed 15 May 2023.</ref> | |||
Other regional languages are spoken by minority groups across the country. They are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them. These include: <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Afghanistan," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan, accessed 15 May 2023.</ref> | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language '''Uzbek'''] is spoken by 10% | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language '''Turkmen'''] is spoken by 2% | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language '''Balochi'''] is spoken by 1% | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashayi_languages '''Pashayi'''] is spoken by 1% | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuristani_languages '''Nuristani'''] is spoken by 1% | |||
English is most spoken as a foreign language. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Afghanistan," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan, accessed 15 May 2023.</ref> | |||
==Word List(s)== | |||
'''Dari or Dari Persian ''' | |||
*[[Farsi (Persian) Genealogical Word List|Farsi (Persian) Genealogical Word List]] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/dari.htm Useful phrases in Dari (Omniglot)] | |||
'''Pashto''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto#Vocabulary Pashto Vocabulary (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/pashto.php Useful phrases in Pashto (Omniglot)] | |||
==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | |||
'''Dari or Dari Persian ''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari#Phonology Dari Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/dari.htm Dari Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://forvo.com/languages/prs/ Dari pronunciation dictionary (Forvo)] | |||
'''Pashto''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_phonology Pashto phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm Pashto Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://forvo.com/languages/ps/ Pashto pronunciation dictionary (Forvo)] | |||
==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | |||
'''Dari or Dari Persian ''' | |||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/prs English to Dari Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/dari_dictionary.htm Dari dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[http://ilanguages.org/dari.php Learn Dari (ilanguages)] | |||
* Bulkin, Carleton. ''Dari practical dictionary : Dari-English English-Dari.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/858731557 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Pashto''' | |||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/ps English to Pashto Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/pashto_dictionary.htm Pashto dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[http://ilanguages.org/pashto.php Learn Pashto (ilanguages)] | |||
* Khattak, Niazi. ''The Pashto dictionary : a concise English-Pashto dictionary.'' n.p.: n.p., 2021. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1268548840 WorldCat]. | |||
* Pimsleur (Firm). ''Conversational Pashto.'' New York: Pimsleur, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/667693217 WorldCat]. | |||
==Additional Resources== | |||
* Yarzi, Shawali. ''English, Pashto & Dari dictionary.'' London: Sabawoon Language Services, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/698134929 WorldCat]. | |||
==References== | |||
[[Category:Afghanistan]] | [[Category:Afghanistan]] | ||
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