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= The Basics = | = The Basics = | ||
One citation style used by genealogists in the United States is Mills style. Mills is an extension of the [[Citations (Chicago Style)|Chicago Manual of Style]] (CMS) bibliography/note system. CMS is adequate for most published sources, but doesn't include many sources and elements about sources that are important to genealogists. Mills style is named for Elizabeth Shown Mills and is explained in her books (''Evidence<ref>to be added</ref> ''and ''Evidence Explained''<ref>to be added</ref>) and QuickSheets. | One citation style used by genealogists in the United States is Mills style. Mills is an extension of the [[Citations (Chicago Style)|Chicago Manual of Style]] (CMS) bibliography/note system. CMS is adequate for most published sources, but doesn't include many sources and elements about sources that are important to genealogists. Mills style is named for Elizabeth Shown Mills and is explained in her books (''Evidence<ref>to be added</ref> ''and ''Evidence Explained''<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' to be added</ref>) and QuickSheets. | ||
Contrary to the terminology used by [[PAF]] and other genealogy programs, a ''source'' is a person or artifact that supplies information. A ''citation'' is the entire textual reference to the source.<ref>add this</ref> | Contrary to the terminology used by [[PAF]] and other genealogy programs, a ''source'' is a person or artifact that supplies information. A ''citation'' is the entire textual reference to the source.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add this</ref> | ||
In the CMS/Mills style, there are four types of citations: | In the CMS/Mills style, there are four types of citations: | ||
#'''Source list'''. CMS calls this a ''bibliography''. Each citation—called a ''source list entry''— is punctuated as if it were a paragraph and each citation element were a sentence. Published works are sorted by the last name of the author. To effectively organize the source list, Mills gives considerable latitude in the treatment of unpublished works. Examples here and in her books often illustrate ordering unpublished works geographically. However, elements of the source list entry can be reordered to effect other organizations when appropriate. One source list entry can apply to multiple reference notes and excludes the detailed citation elements present in the notes. For example, page numbers would be present in notes but not the source list entry.<ref>add</ref> | #'''Source list'''. CMS calls this a ''bibliography''. Each citation—called a ''source list entry''— is punctuated as if it were a paragraph and each citation element were a sentence. Published works are sorted by the last name of the author. To effectively organize the source list, Mills gives considerable latitude in the treatment of unpublished works. Examples here and in her books often illustrate ordering unpublished works geographically. However, elements of the source list entry can be reordered to effect other organizations when appropriate. One source list entry can apply to multiple reference notes and excludes the detailed citation elements present in the notes. For example, page numbers would be present in notes but not the source list entry.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref> | ||
#'''First reference note. '''CMS/Mills allows either footnotes or endnotes and uses the term ''reference notes, ''or simply ''notes ''to speak of both. Each note is punctuated as if it were a sentence containing a list of citation elements. As with any list, use commas to separate the elements. If commas within elements make the list ambiguous, then use semicolons to separate the elements.<ref>add</ref><br> | #'''First reference note. '''CMS/Mills allows either footnotes or endnotes and uses the term ''reference notes, ''or simply ''notes ''to speak of both. Each note is punctuated as if it were a sentence containing a list of citation elements. As with any list, use commas to separate the elements. If commas within elements make the list ambiguous, then use semicolons to separate the elements.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref><br> | ||
#'''Subsequent note. '''When publishing a compiled genealogy, after the first reference to a source, it is not necessary to duplicate a complete citation in subsequent notes. In fact, abbreviating subsequent citations in a published work makes notes more understandable and signals source reuse. The abbreviated style of subsequent notes should be applied only at the time of publication since the order of notes can change along the way. Always enter complete citations into your genealogical records. If you never publish, you can safely ignore this type of citation.<ref>add</ref><br> | #'''Subsequent note. '''When publishing a compiled genealogy, after the first reference to a source, it is not necessary to duplicate a complete citation in subsequent notes. In fact, abbreviating subsequent citations in a published work makes notes more understandable and signals source reuse. The abbreviated style of subsequent notes should be applied only at the time of publication since the order of notes can change along the way. Always enter complete citations into your genealogical records. If you never publish, you can safely ignore this type of citation.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref><br> | ||
#'''Source label. '''This is the citation that should appear on the front of all photocopies and prints of original records, transcriptions, and abstracts. Mills does not specify whether this citation type should be punctuated like a paragraph or like a sentence. Suffice it to say that the citation should be complete in case the page is shared independently of other documents.<ref>add</ref><br> | #'''Source label. '''This is the citation that should appear on the front of all photocopies and prints of original records, transcriptions, and abstracts. Mills does not specify whether this citation type should be punctuated like a paragraph or like a sentence. Suffice it to say that the citation should be complete in case the page is shared independently of other documents.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref><br> | ||
= Examples = | = Examples = | ||
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! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Page | ! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Page | ||
| 42.<ref>add reference to pages in EE</ref> | | 42.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add reference to pages in EE</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
=== Multiple authors<ref>add</ref><br> === | === Multiple authors<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref><br> === | ||
'''Source List: '''Clemensson, Per, and Kjell Andersson. ''Your Swedish Roots: A Step by Step Handbook''. Provo, Utah: Ancestry Publishing, 2004.<br>'''First Reference Note:''' 1. Per Clemensson and Kjell Andersson, ''Your Swedish Roots: A Step by Step Handbook'' (Provo, Utah: Ancestry Publishing, 2004), 115.<br>'''Subsequent Note:''' 11. Clemensson and Andersson, ''Your Swedish Roots'', 115. | '''Source List: '''Clemensson, Per, and Kjell Andersson. ''Your Swedish Roots: A Step by Step Handbook''. Provo, Utah: Ancestry Publishing, 2004.<br>'''First Reference Note:''' 1. Per Clemensson and Kjell Andersson, ''Your Swedish Roots: A Step by Step Handbook'' (Provo, Utah: Ancestry Publishing, 2004), 115.<br>'''Subsequent Note:''' 11. Clemensson and Andersson, ''Your Swedish Roots'', 115. | ||
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| Raymond, Samuel,<br> | | Raymond, Samuel,<br> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Creator's role<ref> | ! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Creator's role<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666.</ref> | ||
| compiler. | | compiler. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ''Genealogies of the Raymond families of New England, 1630-1 to 1886:'' | | ''Genealogies of the Raymond families of New England, 1630-1 to 1886:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Subtitle<ref> | ! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Subtitle<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 80; in this example the subtitle was truncated so ellipses are not necessary.</ref> | ||
| ''With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times.'' | | ''With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times.'' | ||
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| Samuel Raymond, | | Samuel Raymond, | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Creator's role<ref> | ! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Creator's role<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666.</ref> | ||
| compiler, | | compiler, | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ''Genealogies of the Raymond families of New England, 1630-1 to 1886:'' | | ''Genealogies of the Raymond families of New England, 1630-1 to 1886:'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Subtitle<ref> | ! bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="right" | Subtitle<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 80; in this example the subtitle was truncated so ellipses are not necessary.</ref> | ||
| ''With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times,'' | | ''With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times,'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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It can be difficult to construct a citation when no matching example is given unless you know the underlying principles. Mills does not provide a summary of the principles used for Mills style. This list is an attempt to provide that summary. As such, citations are given to Mills's works in support of each principle. | It can be difficult to construct a citation when no matching example is given unless you know the underlying principles. Mills does not provide a summary of the principles used for Mills style. This list is an attempt to provide that summary. As such, citations are given to Mills's works in support of each principle. | ||
*Mills Style is grounded in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), Humanities style.<ref>add</ref> | *Mills Style is grounded in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), Humanities style.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add</ref> | ||
*Redundant information need not be repeated in a citation.<ref>add more</ref><ref> | *Redundant information need not be repeated in a citation.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' add more</ref><ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666; creator's role.</ref> | ||
*Default values in citations do not need to be specified. | *Default values in citations do not need to be specified. | ||
**"Author" is the default creator's role.<ref> | **"Author" is the default creator's role.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666.</ref> | ||
**"Paper" is the default medium.<ref>CMS 15th ed., 684.</ref> | **"Paper" is the default medium.<ref>CMS 15th ed., 684.</ref> | ||
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*Mills italicizes series titles if it "is considered a formal title for [the] set of materials."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 716.</ref> If "the name of the series is not self explanatory," the title is not italicized.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 718,721-2.</ref> CMS never italicizes a series title.<ref>''CMS'' 15th ed., 669.</ref> | *Mills italicizes series titles if it "is considered a formal title for [the] set of materials."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 716.</ref> If "the name of the series is not self explanatory," the title is not italicized.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 718,721-2.</ref> CMS never italicizes a series title.<ref>''CMS'' 15th ed., 669.</ref> | ||
*"''Evidence ''Style identifies [periodical] issues by their dates rather than issue numbers, because unrecognized typing errors are more common with numbers than with words."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 794.</ref> CMS allows either, but recognizes that "although not all these elements may be required to locate an article, furnishing them all provides a hedge against possible error in one or another of them."<ref>''CMS'' 15th ed., 690.</ref><br> | *"''Evidence ''Style identifies [periodical] issues by their dates rather than issue numbers, because unrecognized typing errors are more common with numbers than with words."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 794.</ref> CMS allows either, but recognizes that "although not all these elements may be required to locate an article, furnishing them all provides a hedge against possible error in one or another of them."<ref>''CMS'' 15th ed., 690.</ref><br> | ||
*"Because abbreviations rarely save a significant amount of space, the thoughtful writer avoids all but the truly obvious ones."<ref>''Evidence Explained'' | *"Because abbreviations rarely save a significant amount of space, the thoughtful writer avoids all but the truly obvious ones."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' p. 71.</ref> This includes state names when included in the place of publication.<ref>See "Cooperstown, New York" on p. 98 of ''Evidence Explained.''</ref> By contrast, CMS specifies, "If the city of publication may be unknown to readers or may be confused with another city of the same name, the abbreviation of the state, province, or (sometimes) country is added."<ref>''Chicago Manual of Style'' 15th ed., 672.</ref><br> | ||
= Notes<br> = | = Notes<br> = | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||