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Chippewa Tribe: Difference between revisions
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[[Image: | ''[[United States|United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] Chippewa Indians '' | ||
[[Image:Chippewa, Arrow-Maker.jpg|thumb|right|180x202px]] | |||
[[Image:Chippewa, Woman and Infant, (1900).jpg|thumb|right|183x204px]] | |||
=== '''Various Spellings:''' Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway & Origins of the Name === | === '''Various Spellings:''' Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway & Origins of the Name === | ||
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So Chi-bwa is the correct name. However, the "o" can mean "the" so it can actually represent, The First and The Originals. Ojibwa probably means The Original, while Ojibway probably means The Originals. Then we have to include Bwan as well. We know the "n" in Bwan is the plural so Ojibwan may be correct as may be Chippewan (properly spelled Chipweyan). Exactly what the "o" and "y" represent is a mystery. The name Chippewa is more commonly used in the United States and the name Ojibway is more common in Canada<ref>Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) [http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm Available online]</ref> <ref>*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/chippewa/chippewahist.htm Available online].</ref>. | So Chi-bwa is the correct name. However, the "o" can mean "the" so it can actually represent, The First and The Originals. Ojibwa probably means The Original, while Ojibway probably means The Originals. Then we have to include Bwan as well. We know the "n" in Bwan is the plural so Ojibwan may be correct as may be Chippewan (properly spelled Chipweyan). Exactly what the "o" and "y" represent is a mystery. The name Chippewa is more commonly used in the United States and the name Ojibway is more common in Canada<ref>Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) [http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm Available online]</ref> <ref>*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/chippewa/chippewahist.htm Available online].</ref>. | ||
'''Major Bands:''' Algonquin; Amikwa who are also known as the Nez Perce (they are the Nez Perce of Idaho), Bungee; Chipewyan | '''Major Bands:''' Algonquin; Amikwa who are also known as the Nez Perce (they are the Nez Perce of Idaho), Bungee; Chipewyan including the Dogrib; Gwich'in; Hare; Slave; Yellowknifes; and all other Dene People; Cree (the northern Ojibway's or Muskeego); Missisaugaa; Nakawe; Nipissing; Ottawa or Odawa; Pembina; and Saulteaux or Saulteau. All Great Lakes Algonquians are Chippewa including the Abenaki; Delaware including the Mahican; Munsee; and Naticoke; Illini; Kickapoo; Menominee; Miami; Potawatomi; Sac or Sauk (both are short for Saginaw); the Saginaw including the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa's; Shawnee; and Stockbridge. Out west, the Arapaho; Blackfeet; Cheyenne; and Gros Ventre. Further west, the Apache; Navajo; Wappo; Wichita (William Clark claimed in 1805, the Wichita are Chippaways who lived along the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas); Wiyot; Yuki; and Yurok.<br> | ||
'''Other Bands:''' Fish, Loon, Marten, Crane, and the Bear are totems. All totem members lived in all Chippewa villages.<br> | '''Other Bands:''' Fish, Loon, Marten, Crane, and the Bear are totems. All totem members lived in all Chippewa villages.<br> | ||
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[http://www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/nations.htm Algonquin Nations] | [http://www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/nations.htm Algonquin Nations] | ||
'''See also:''' [[Chippewa-Cree Indians|Chippewa-Cree]] | '''See also:''' [[Chippewa-Cree Indians|Chippewa-Cree]] | ||
=== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Rocky Boy (Stone Child) dressed in an ornate attire, NO. 120.jpg|thumb|right|240x260px | === [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Rocky Boy (Stone Child) dressed in an ornate attire, NO. 120.jpg|thumb|right|240x260px]]Tribal Headquarters === | ||
[http://www.glitc.org/ Great Lakes Inter-tribal Council Tribal]'''<br>'''St. Croix Chippewa Community<br>24663 Angeline Avenue - Webster WI 54893<br>Phone: 715-349-2195 - Fax: 715-349-5768<br> | [http://www.glitc.org/ Great Lakes Inter-tribal Council Tribal]'''<br>'''St. Croix Chippewa Community<br>24663 Angeline Avenue - Webster WI 54893<br>Phone: 715-349-2195 - Fax: 715-349-5768<br> | ||
[http://tribalnations.mt.gov/ Office of Indian Affairs] <br>State Capitol Building 2nd Floor,Room 202 <br>PO Box 200801 <br>Helena, Montana 59620 <br>(406) 444-3702 Fax: (406) 444-1350<br>email:oia@mt.gov <br> | [http://tribalnations.mt.gov/ Office of Indian Affairs] <br>State Capitol Building 2nd Floor,Room 202 <br>PO Box 200801 <br>Helena, Montana 59620 <br>(406) 444-3702 Fax: (406) 444-1350<br>email:oia@mt.gov <br> | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana Little Shell Tribe Of Chippewa Indians of Montana]<br>P.O. Box 543<br>Black Eagle, MT 59414<br>Phone (406) 315-2400<br>Fax (406) 315-2401<br>email: ggray@gng.net | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana Little Shell Tribe Of Chippewa Indians of Montana]<br>P.O. Box 543<br>Black Eagle, MT 59414<br>Phone (406) 315-2400<br>Fax (406) 315-2401<br>email: ggray@gng.net | ||
[http://tmbci.net/wordpress/ Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Tribal Government],<br>please feel free to call either Cory LaVallie, Administrative Assistant – 477-2603; <br>or Jolean Morin, Records Manager – 477-2602.<br>They will gladly answer your questions. <br> | [http://tmbci.net/wordpress/ Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Tribal Government],<br>please feel free to call either Cory LaVallie, Administrative Assistant – 477-2603; <br>or Jolean Morin, Records Manager – 477-2602.<br>They will gladly answer your questions. <br> | ||
[http://www.saulttribe.com/ The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians]<br>Communications Department<br>531 Ashmun St. <br>Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783<br>Email: info@saulttribe.net <br>Phone: 800-793-0660 <br>Mobile: 906-632-6398<br>For further links see Wikipedia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians Salt Tribe of Chippewa Indians] <br> | [http://www.saulttribe.com/ The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians]<br>Communications Department<br>531 Ashmun St. <br>Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783<br>Email: info@saulttribe.net <br>Phone: 800-793-0660 <br>Mobile: 906-632-6398<br>For further links see Wikipedia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians Salt Tribe of Chippewa Indians] <br> | ||
[http://www.dotc.mb.ca/ Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council]<br>The Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council (in Canada) consists of [http://www.dotc.mb.ca/DOTC_Member_First_Nations.html Nine Member First Nations.] <br> | [http://www.dotc.mb.ca/ Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council]<br>The Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council (in Canada) consists of [http://www.dotc.mb.ca/DOTC_Member_First_Nations.html Nine Member First Nations.] <br> | ||
=== History === | === History === | ||
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The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan)<ref>[http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway)] Available online.</ref>. | The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan)<ref>[http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway)] Available online.</ref>. | ||
The Chippewa were exposed to non- | The Chippewa were exposed to non-Indians in the early 1600's.The tribe established trade relations with the French. During the French and Indian War, they fought the English and French to protect their land and race. | ||
Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribal warfare brought them together with the [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa,]] [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi,]] Sac, Meskwaki and [[Kickapoo Indians|Kickapoo]] to defeat the Illinois in 1769. | Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribal warfare brought them together with the [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa,]] [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi,]] Sac, Meskwaki and [[Kickapoo Indians|Kickapoo]] to defeat the Illinois in 1769. | ||
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Edmund Jefferson Danziger. The Chippewas of Lake Superior. Norman, OK. University of OK. 1978. {{FHL|10238|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 C444da }} | Edmund Jefferson Danziger. The Chippewas of Lake Superior. Norman, OK. University of OK. 1978. {{FHL|10238|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 C444da }} | ||
Andrew J. Blackbird. History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Ypsilanti, MI 1887. FHL Book 970.1 B562h or FHL film 1011853 Item; or [http://www.nanations.com/ottawachippewa/index.htm Ottawa Chippewa]<br> | Andrew J. Blackbird. History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Ypsilanti, MI 1887. FHL Book 970.1 B562h or FHL film 1011853 Item; or [http://www.nanations.com/ottawachippewa/index.htm Ottawa Chippewa]<br> | ||
==== Brief Timeline ==== | ==== Brief Timeline ==== | ||
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*'''1855: '''On February 22, 1855, a treaty was signed which ceded Chippewa land in Minnesota and created large Chippewa Reservations in Minnesota. | *'''1855: '''On February 22, 1855, a treaty was signed which ceded Chippewa land in Minnesota and created large Chippewa Reservations in Minnesota. | ||
*'''1855: '''On May 14 and July 31, 1855, a treaty was signed which created Chippewa Reservations in Michigan. In the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, at least 9 (3 were connected) new Chippewa Reservations were created. | *'''1855: '''On May 14 and July 31, 1855, a treaty was signed which created Chippewa Reservations in Michigan. In the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, at least 9 (3 were connected) new Chippewa Reservations were created. | ||
*'''1855: '''On October 17, 1855, the Little Shell Chippewa Blackfeet Reservation was created. It is also known as the [[Judith basin | *'''1855: '''On October 17, 1855, the Little Shell Chippewa Blackfeet Reservation was created. It is also known as the [[Judith basin Indian reservation]]. Other tribes included are the Blackfeet Chippewa's, Flathead including the Kalispel,Pend d'Orellie, and Spokane all of whom are a mixture of Chippewa and Salish, and the Nez Perce. | ||
*'''1859: '''On July 16, 1859, the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa's, allowed the Munsee to live with them in Kansas. | *'''1859: '''On July 16, 1859, the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa's, allowed the Munsee to live with them in Kansas. | ||
*'''1859: '''On September 17, 1859,the Bad River Chippewa's of Wisconsin were created a Reservation on Madeline Island. | *'''1859: '''On September 17, 1859,the Bad River Chippewa's of Wisconsin were created a Reservation on Madeline Island. | ||
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The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether | The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether | ||
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>[http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/printableViewer.htm?imgF=images/preview/fedlands/GA.gif&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgW=588&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgH=450 National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations] </ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991 (Family History Library book {{FHL|433280|title-id|disp=973 E5}})</ref>, and other sources. | The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>[http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/printableViewer.htm?imgF=images/preview/fedlands/GA.gif&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgW=588&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;imgH=450 National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations] </ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991 (Family History Library book {{FHL|433280|title-id|disp=973 E5}})</ref>, and other sources. | ||
[[Bay Mills Indian Reservation (Michigan)|Bay Mills]], [[Grand Portage Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Grand Portage]], [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Leeck Lake]], [[Mille Lac Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Mille Lacs]], [[Red Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Red Lake]], Nett Lake, [[Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation (North Dakota)|Turtle Mountain]], [[White Earth Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|White Earth]], [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (Montana)|Rocky Boy's]], Bad River, [[Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Lac Courte Oreilles]], [[Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Lac du Flambeau]], Keweenaw Bay, [[Fond du Lac Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Fond Du Lac]], Mole Lake, [[Red Cliff Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Red Cliff]], | [[Bay Mills Indian Reservation (Michigan)|Bay Mills]], [[Grand Portage Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Grand Portage]], [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Leeck Lake]], [[Mille Lac Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Mille Lacs]], [[Red Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Red Lake]], Nett Lake, [[Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation (North Dakota)|Turtle Mountain]], [[White Earth Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|White Earth]], [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (Montana)|Rocky Boy's]], Bad River, [[Lac Courte Oreilles Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Lac Courte Oreilles]], [[Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Lac du Flambeau]], Keweenaw Bay, [[Fond du Lac Indian Reservation (Minnesota)|Fond Du Lac]], Mole Lake, [[Red Cliff Indian Reservation (Wisconsin)|Red Cliff]], | ||
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St. Croix, [[Navajo Indian Reservation (Arizona)|Navajo_Indian_Reservation_(Arizona)]] [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona (Reservation)|San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona]] [[Fort Apache Indian Reservation, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Arizona (Reservation)]], [[Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona)]],[[Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico]],[[Blackfeet Indian Reservation (Montana)|Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation_(Montana)]] [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)]],[[Wind River Indian Reservation (Wyoming)]], [[Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Flathead Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation (Idaho)]], [[Colville Indian Reservation (Washington)]], | St. Croix, [[Navajo Indian Reservation (Arizona)|Navajo_Indian_Reservation_(Arizona)]] [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona (Reservation)|San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona]] [[Fort Apache Indian Reservation, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Arizona (Reservation)]], [[Colorado River Indian Reservation (Arizona)]],[[Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico]],[[Blackfeet Indian Reservation (Montana)|Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation_(Montana)]] [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation (Minnesota)]],[[Wind River Indian Reservation (Wyoming)]], [[Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Flathead Indian Reservation (Montana)]], [[Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation (Idaho)]], [[Colville Indian Reservation (Washington)]], | ||
[[Spokane Indian Reservation (Washington)]], [[Hoopa Valley Reservation, California]], [[Yurok Indian Reservation (California)]], [[Round Valley Indian Reservation (California)]] | [[Spokane Indian Reservation (Washington)]], [[Hoopa Valley Reservation, California]], [[Yurok Indian Reservation (California)]], [[Round Valley Indian Reservation (California)]] | ||
=== Bands and Other Subdivisions of the Chippewa Tribe === | === Bands and Other Subdivisions of the Chippewa Tribe === | ||
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=== Records === | === Records === | ||
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br> | |||
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]] | |||
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]] | |||
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]] | |||
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]] | |||
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]] | |||
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]] | |||
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]] | |||
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records | |||
==== Agencies ==== | ==== Agencies ==== | ||
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==== ==== | ==== ==== | ||
'''1836 census '''- 6th article of 1836 Treaty of of men, women and children {{FHL|Film: 982330}} Item 4 or {{FHL|Book: Q 970.1 Al #4 }} <br> | '''1836 census '''- 6th article of 1836 Treaty of of men, women and children {{FHL|Film: 982330}} Item 4 or {{FHL|Book: Q 970.1 Al #4 }} <br> | ||
National Archives film M2039, Correspondence, Field Notes, and Census Roll of all members or descendents of members who were on the roll of the Ottawa and the Chippewa tribes of Michigan in 1870, and living on March 4, 1907 (Durant Roll). <br> | National Archives film M2039, Correspondence, Field Notes, and Census Roll of all members or descendents of members who were on the roll of the Ottawa and the Chippewa tribes of Michigan in 1870, and living on March 4, 1907 (Durant Roll). <br> | ||
*The 1907 census, the so-called Durant Roll entries are arranged alphabetically by first letter of the surname and grouped by tribal bands. The census includes the 1870 census roll number (This number indexes Durant's filed notes and consists of two numbers separated by a hypen. The firs number is assigned to a specific family; the second number is the page number on the field notes. (source: NARA RR#1002) | *The 1907 census, the so-called Durant Roll entries are arranged alphabetically by first letter of the surname and grouped by tribal bands. The census includes the 1870 census roll number (This number indexes Durant's filed notes and consists of two numbers separated by a hypen. The firs number is assigned to a specific family; the second number is the page number on the field notes. (source: NARA RR#1002) | ||
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National Archives film M234, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881. Includes 1. 1838 list of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie entitled to benefits at the Council Bluffs Agency. (File H571, Roll 215) 2. 1878 lists of heads of families for Pillager and Lake Winnebigoshish Chippewa, (Fild K259, Roll 1166) 3. 1878 lists of heads of families for White Oake, Point and Mississippi Chippewa, (File K266, Roll 166)(source: NAR RR#1002) | National Archives film M234, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881. Includes 1. 1838 list of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie entitled to benefits at the Council Bluffs Agency. (File H571, Roll 215) 2. 1878 lists of heads of families for Pillager and Lake Winnebigoshish Chippewa, (Fild K259, Roll 1166) 3. 1878 lists of heads of families for White Oake, Point and Mississippi Chippewa, (File K266, Roll 166)(source: NAR RR#1002) | ||
==== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Kenawash, 3.jpg|thumb|right|232x264px | ==== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Kenawash, 3.jpg|thumb|right|232x264px]]Treaties ==== | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0006.htm 1785] January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0006.htm 1785] January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot | ||
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*November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa | *November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0099.htm 1808] November 25, at Brownstown | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0099.htm 1808] November 25, at Brownstown | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0162.htm 1815] September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Obtossaway.jpg|thumb|right|217x248px | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0162.htm 1815] September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Obtossaway.jpg|thumb|right|217x248px]] | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0132.htm 1816] August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0132.htm 1816] August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0145.htm 1817] September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0145.htm 1817] September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot | ||