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| === Variant Forms of Words === | | === Spelling === |
| In Czech, the forms of most words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. ''Who, whose, whom'', or ''marry, marries, married'' are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Czech, any word may have different forms, depending on how it is used. This word list gives the standard form of each Czech word. The endings of Czech words in a document often differ from what you find in this list.
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| '''''Surnames.''''' Surnames will have the added ending ''-ová'' or ''-á'' if the person referred to is female:
| | Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. In Czech, the following spelling variations are common:<br> |
| | | '''i, y''' and '''j''' used interchangeably |
| '''''Gender.''''' Czech words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Adjectives used to describe the singular and plural forms of Czech words must have the proper masculine, feminine, or neuter endings:
| | '''s''' and '''z''' used interchangeably |
| | | '''w''' used for '''v''' |
| This word list gives only the singular masculine form of adjectives. Thus, ''starý, stará, staré,''and ''staří''(all forms of “old”) are listed here as ''starý.'' <br>
| | '''rz''' used for '''ř''' |
| | | '''sz''' used for '''š''' |
| The endings of past tense verbs also change, depending on the gender of the subject. This word list gives only the ''narodil se'' (“he was born”) form of the past tense verb. You can conclude that ''narodila se'' means “she was born,” etc.
| | '''cz''' used for '''č''' |
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| '''''Plurals. '''''Plural forms of Czech words usually change the singular word:
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| Words ending in ''-a ''change to ''-y:''
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| * ''žena'' wife ''ženy''' '''''wives
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| Words ending in ''-o'' change to ''-a:''
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| * ''město'' city ''města'' cities
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| Words ending in ''-e'' and ''-í'' do not change:
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| * ''ulice'' street ''ulice'' streets
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| Words ending in a consonant add ''-y.'' A few words add ''-i, -ové,''or ''-e'' to form the plural:
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| * ''list'' page ''listy'' pages
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| * ''mu''ž husband ''muži ''husbands
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| The plural form may change the basic word:
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| * ''dít''ě child ''děti'' children
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| * ''bratr'' brother ''brat''ř''i'' brothers
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| * ''zámek'' palace ''zámky'' palaces
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| '''''Grammatical Use.''''' The endings of Czech words can also vary, depending on the grammatical use of the words. Czech grammar requires a different ending for a word used as a subject, a possessive, an object, or with a preposition. Czech words fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings. Certain possessive endings give the meaning “of” to a word. Nouns change the endings to show possession. Nouns ending with a consonant add ''-a'' or -''e'':<br>
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| * ''bratr'' brother ''bratra'' of brother
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| * ''mu''ž husband ''muže'' of husband
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| Nouns ending with ''-a'' add ''-y:''
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| * ''sestra'' sister ''sestry'' of sister
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| Nouns ending with ''-o'' add ''-a:''
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| * ''město ''city ''města ''of city
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| Plural masculine nouns change to ''-''ů''<nowiki>:</nowiki>''
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| * ''muži'' husbands ''mu''žů of husbands
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| Plural feminine or neuter nouns drop the last vowel:
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| * ''ženy'' wife ''žen'' of wives
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| Adjectives change the endings to show possession. Adjectives ending in ''-ý'' change to ''-ého:''
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| * ''narozený'' born ''narozeného'' of the born
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| Adjectives ending in ''-á'' change to ''-é:''
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| * ''křt''ě''ná'' baptized ''křt''ě''né'' of the baptized
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| Adjectives ending in ''-é'' change to ''-ého:''
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| * ''neznámé'' unknown ''neznámého'' of the unknown
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| Adjectives ending in ''-í'' change to ''-ího:''
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| * ''první'' first ''prvního'' of the first
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| Plural adjectives ending in ''-ý'' or ''-í'' add -''ch:''
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| * ''zemřelý'' deceased ''zemřelých ''of the deceased
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| * ''erbovní'' heraldic ''erbovních'' of the heraldic
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| These examples show some endings in context:
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| * ''Syn zemřelého Josefa Nováka a Anny Plevové'' means “son of the deceased Josef Novák and of Anna Plevová (Pleva).”
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| * ''Manželství mezi Karlem Václavem Havlem a Barborou Marií Kozárovou'' means “marriage between Karel Václav Havel and Barbora Marie Kozárová (Kozár).”
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| '''''''''Alphabetical Order'''
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| Written Czech uses several letters in addition to the 26 letters used in the English alphabet: á, č, ď, é, ě, í, ň, ó, ř, š, ť, ,ú, ů, ý, ž. The letter combination ''ch'' is also considered a single letter and is alphabetized after ''h''. Letters ''q, w,'' and ''x'' are used only in words of foreign origin. Czech dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:
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| a,á b c č d ď e,é,ě f g h ch i,í j k l m n ň o,ó p (q) r ř s š t ť u,ú,ů v (w) ( x) y,ý z ž
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| This word list follows the standard English alphabetical order. However, when you work with alphabetized Czech records, use the Czech alphabetical order.
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| '''Spelling'''
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| Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. In Czech, the following spelling variations are common: | |
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| * ''i'', ''y,''and ''j'' used interchangeably
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| * ''s'' and ''z'' used interchangeably
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| * ''w'' used for ''v''
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| * ''rz'' used for ''ř''<br>
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| * ''sz'' used for ''š''
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| * ''cz'' used for č
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| Czech is a phonetic language, which means words are pronounced as they are written. | | Czech is a phonetic language, which means words are pronounced as they are written. |