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The land records of greatest genealogical significance are the land books [''pozemkové knihy''] which record landholders and land lease titles. These date from about 1600. The oldest land books [''pozemkové knihy''] listed the location of the property along with the financial obligations of the landholder to the estate owner. Buildings on these lands were often listed by type in land books (cottage, blacksmith’s forge etc).Starting in the mid 1600s some records began differentiating by categories of farmers. These categories were sedlak; serfs who did not own their land, chalupnik; gardeners who owned their domicile and a small amount of land surrounding it, and zharadnik; cottagers who owned somewhat larger tracts of land. After the Thirty Years War killed many people, everyone tried to get more land and gardener and serf classes decreased. | The land records of greatest genealogical significance are the land books [''pozemkové knihy''] which record landholders and land lease titles. These date from about 1600. The oldest land books [''pozemkové knihy''] listed the location of the property along with the financial obligations of the landholder to the estate owner. Buildings on these lands were often listed by type in land books (cottage, blacksmith’s forge etc).Starting in the mid 1600s some records began differentiating by categories of farmers. These categories were sedlak; serfs who did not own their land, chalupnik; gardeners who owned their domicile and a small amount of land surrounding it, and zharadnik; cottagers who owned somewhat larger tracts of land. After the Thirty Years War killed many people, everyone tried to get more land and gardener and serf classes decreased. | ||
'''Serfdom'''<br>Although serfs were assigned land which was mostly theirs to manage and live off of, there were also many heavy restrictions of serfs. One of these was called Odumrt or escheat reversion. This meant on death of a peasant, the lord could take a share of his possessions. Also at any time the lord could confiscate land with or without compensation. Sometimes this confiscation was a result of serf mismanagement or bad behavior, but other times it simply suited the needs of the lord. Serfs needed the lord’s permission to move, because that affected his income from taxes and rent. However farmers did move within the lord’s holdings frequently. Serfs were also required to labor on lord’s farm. | '''Serfdom'''<br>Although serfs were assigned land which was mostly theirs to manage and live off of, there were also many heavy restrictions of serfs. One of these was called Odumrt or escheat reversion. This meant on death of a peasant, the lord could take a share of his possessions. Also at any time the lord could confiscate land with or without compensation. Sometimes this confiscation was a result of serf mismanagement or bad behavior, but other times it simply suited the needs of the lord. Serfs needed the lord’s permission to move, because that affected his income from taxes and rent. However farmers did move within the lord’s holdings frequently. Serfs were also required to labor on lord’s farm. | ||
'''Raabization-'''This idea was put forth by Councilman Frantisek Antonian Raab, an Austrian national economist in mid 1700s. In his plan churches and other large landholders would rent family sized plots to serf farmers (these farmers were called familanti) and could buy themselves out of required serf labor. This idea did not enjoy widespread success. Some records exist from the Raabization period | '''Raabization-'''This idea was put forth by Councilman Frantisek Antonian Raab, an Austrian national economist in mid 1700s. In his plan churches and other large landholders would rent family sized plots to serf farmers (these farmers were called familanti) and could buy themselves out of required serf labor. This idea did not enjoy widespread success. Some records exist from the Raabization period | ||
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'''Abolition of Serfdom 1848'''<br> | '''Abolition of Serfdom 1848'''<br> | ||
One of the important aspects of the abolition of serfdom which generated many records was the process of Land Releasment. In this process, the government and the serfs each paid part of the price to buy their land and compensate lords for lost labor, land, and duties. | One of the important aspects of the abolition of serfdom which generated many records was the process of Land Releasment. In this process, the government and the serfs each paid part of the price to buy their land and compensate lords for lost labor, land, and duties. | ||
Also during this time, court and land records moved from estates to government, leaseholders became owners and peasants got equal rights and new land registers were created. All changes regarding real property, owners, or burdens were recorded at this time.No entry was allowed to be made in the books without the approval of the lord of the estate or of the city council in urban areas. These records are generally available for all of the Czech lands.<br>'''Contents of Czech Land Books: '''These records provide location and description of land and property, names of property owners and family members. Rural peasants with land rights and family members are also listed with the amount of financial obligations of the landholder toward the estate owner. Special books were sometimes included regarding marriages, wills, orphans, obligations and instrumentals. These records may show surname changes, which happened frequently, and family relationships. These records can be written in Czech, German, or both.'''<br>Location: '''District archives [okresní archívy]. Some are in state regional archives [státní oblastní archívy].<br>'''Research use: '''With the exception of church registers and civil registration, land records are the single most important source for genealogical research. In most instances the land records provide exact family relationships. Land books identify individuals in connection with their residence. They enhance the use of church registers and can be used to bridge gaps and are often essential for linking generations. When persons with the same name need to be sorted out, this can be done by house numbers and house ownership. A study of the records of a specific piece of property can give the sequence of generations of the family surname, as ownership was usually passed from father to son. Where names change from generation to generation, land books are helpful in making proper family connections.<br>'''Accessibility: '''Through correspondence with archives in the Czech Republic, a local agent or by personal search. These books are located in various archives and collections, and sometimes locating a particular one requires thorough research. Some of these books have been destroyed, but many still survive. | Also during this time, court and land records moved from estates to government, leaseholders became owners and peasants got equal rights and new land registers were created. All changes regarding real property, owners, or burdens were recorded at this time.No entry was allowed to be made in the books without the approval of the lord of the estate or of the city council in urban areas. These records are generally available for all of the Czech lands.<br>'''Contents of Czech Land Books: '''These records provide location and description of land and property, names of property owners and family members. Rural peasants with land rights and family members are also listed with the amount of financial obligations of the landholder toward the estate owner. Special books were sometimes included regarding marriages, wills, orphans, obligations and instrumentals. These records may show surname changes, which happened frequently, and family relationships. These records can be written in Czech, German, or both.'''<br>Location: '''District archives [okresní archívy]. Some are in state regional archives [státní oblastní archívy].<br>'''Research use: '''With the exception of church registers and civil registration, land records are the single most important source for genealogical research. In most instances the land records provide exact family relationships. Land books identify individuals in connection with their residence. They enhance the use of church registers and can be used to bridge gaps and are often essential for linking generations. When persons with the same name need to be sorted out, this can be done by house numbers and house ownership. A study of the records of a specific piece of property can give the sequence of generations of the family surname, as ownership was usually passed from father to son. Where names change from generation to generation, land books are helpful in making proper family connections.<br>'''Accessibility: '''Through correspondence with archives in the Czech Republic, a local agent or by personal search. These books are located in various archives and collections, and sometimes locating a particular one requires thorough research. Some of these books have been destroyed, but many still survive. | ||
<br>Source:Czech Land Registers and Auxiliary Books<br>Ročenka<br>Volume 2, Winter 1995-1996<br>FHL book 943.71 D25r<br><br> | <br>Source:Czech Land Registers and Auxiliary Books<br>Ročenka<br>Volume 2, Winter 1995-1996<br>FHL book 943.71 D25r<br><br> | ||
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[[Image:Cadastral map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Example of a Cadastral Map]] | [[Image:Cadastral map.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Example of a Cadastral Map]] | ||
Cadastral surveys are also useful in researching past landholdings as old land records were destroyed when a property no longer existed, However written reports and cadastral maps of the former property are kept in document collection called a “shirka”. More recent land records are kept in local notary offices. | Cadastral surveys are also useful in researching past landholdings as old land records were destroyed when a property no longer existed, However written reports and cadastral maps of the former property are kept in document collection called a “shirka”. More recent land records are kept in local notary offices. | ||
The first complete Cadastral Survey in Moravia was made between 1655 - 1657. It was called the '''Lansky rejstrik - Lahnregister''', later known as the '''First Lahn visitatio'''. In Bohemia the same tax survey was called Berni rolle - the Tax Roll. Between 1669 - 1679 a revision of the original survey because of inaccuracy and omissions had to be done. This revision is called the '''Second Lahn visitatio'''. This Lahnregister is the source of first importance for any genealogist, homeland historians, social and demography scholars. | The first complete Cadastral Survey in Moravia was made between 1655 - 1657. It was called the '''Lansky rejstrik - Lahnregister''', later known as the '''First Lahn visitatio'''. In Bohemia the same tax survey was called Berni rolle - the Tax Roll. Between 1669 - 1679 a revision of the original survey because of inaccuracy and omissions had to be done. This revision is called the '''Second Lahn visitatio'''. This Lahnregister is the source of first importance for any genealogist, homeland historians, social and demography scholars. | ||
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E) Apart of above mentioned farmers in common sense, there were people without any property who worked for very low reward on the farmers´ land. They were so called PODRUH in Czech, or INWOHNER, resp.INMAENNER in German. In English we can say FARM LABOURER or CO-DWELLER or IN-DWELLER. They lived somewhere in a farmer's house, or in a barn or shed. | E) Apart of above mentioned farmers in common sense, there were people without any property who worked for very low reward on the farmers´ land. They were so called PODRUH in Czech, or INWOHNER, resp.INMAENNER in German. In English we can say FARM LABOURER or CO-DWELLER or IN-DWELLER. They lived somewhere in a farmer's house, or in a barn or shed. | ||
It is said that the differences between various strata were at least the same as the gap between the classes of nobility, town-dwellers and subject people in common. And hardly a member of farmer's family was allowed to marry a daughter of a CHALUPNER or even PODRUH. | It is said that the differences between various strata were at least the same as the gap between the classes of nobility, town-dwellers and subject people in common. And hardly a member of farmer's family was allowed to marry a daughter of a CHALUPNER or even PODRUH. | ||
== First Bohemian Cadaster (Berní rula) == | == First Bohemian Cadaster (Berní rula) == | ||
===Introduction=== | === Introduction === | ||
The ''berní rula'' was formulated during the reign of Ferdinand III of Habsburg (ruled 1637-57), that is, not long after the end of the Thurty Years' War. The ''berní ruly'' are lists of tax payers based on the records of the estate owners or nobility. First completed in 1653-1654, these tax lists were prepared to study inequities in the tax structure. Properties were surveyed to determine dwellings, fields, and animals of the taxpayers. Other surveys were made in 1683-84, 1746, 1757, and 1792. These lists can be of help in genealogical research by locating the domicile of one's ancestor, and are of value for demographic studies, but they cannot be considered as a complete survey of the population. These lists do not include the poor who were without property or trade. Also, only heads of households are listed without indication of dependents. The ''berní ruly'' are available only for the the "Czech lands" of the Czech Republic (or the province of Bohemia), and not for the province of Moravia and Austrian Silesia. All text is in the Czech language. Tax lists have been deposited in various archives but are not readily accessible to researchers. Some tax lists have been published: | The ''berní rula'' was formulated during the reign of Ferdinand III of Habsburg (ruled 1637-57), that is, not long after the end of the Thurty Years' War. The ''berní ruly'' are lists of tax payers based on the records of the estate owners or nobility. First completed in 1653-1654, these tax lists were prepared to study inequities in the tax structure. Properties were surveyed to determine dwellings, fields, and animals of the taxpayers. Other surveys were made in 1683-84, 1746, 1757, and 1792. These lists can be of help in genealogical research by locating the domicile of one's ancestor, and are of value for demographic studies, but they cannot be considered as a complete survey of the population. These lists do not include the poor who were without property or trade. Also, only heads of households are listed without indication of dependents. The ''berní ruly'' are available only for the the "Czech lands" of the Czech Republic (or the province of Bohemia), and not for the province of Moravia and Austrian Silesia. All text is in the Czech language. Tax lists have been deposited in various archives but are not readily accessible to researchers. Some tax lists have been published: | ||
• '''general index to all 1654 tax lists''' - Berní rula : generalní rejstřík ke všem svazkům- General Index to all 1654 tax lists (published and unpublished), supplemented with the 1651 census if tax lists missing. FHL INTL Book 943.71 X2cc vol. 1-2<br> | • '''general index to all 1654 tax lists''' - Berní rula : generalní rejstřík ke všem svazkům- General Index to all 1654 tax lists (published and unpublished), supplemented with the 1651 census if tax lists missing. FHL INTL Book 943.71 X2cc vol. 1-2<br> | ||
• '''some 1427-1435 tax lists for Prague''' - Berní knihy starého města Pražského, 1427-1434 - Tax books for the Prague subdivision Old Town. FHL INTL Book 943.71/P3 R4p<br> | • '''some 1427-1435 tax lists for Prague''' - Berní knihy starého města Pražského, 1427-1434 - Tax books for the Prague subdivision Old Town. FHL INTL Book 943.71/P3 R4p<br> | ||
===Publication=== | === Publication === | ||
[[ | |||
[[Image:Bernirulamap.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Regions of Bohemia in 1654]] | |||
The following volumes were published: | |||
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
''Volume''<br> 1.<br> 2.<br> 3.<br> 8.-9.<br> 10.-11.<br> 12.-13.<br> 18.-19.<br> 23.-25.<br> 26.<br>27.-28.<br> 31.<br> 32.-33.<br> 34.<br> | ''Volume''<br>1.<br>2.<br>3.<br>8.-9.<br>10.-11.<br>12.-13.<br>18.-19.<br>23.-25.<br>26.<br>27.-28.<br>31.<br>32.-33.<br>34.<br> | ||
| | |||
''Region''<br> | | | ||
Introduction to the series “Berní Rula”<br> | ''Region''<br>Introduction to the series “Berní Rula”<br>General list of communities, settlements and estates for the tax lists in 1654<br>City of Prague<br>Boleslavsko region<br>Čáslavsko region<br>Hradecko region<br>Kouřimsko region<br>Plzeňsko region<br>Podbrdsko region<br>Prácheňsko region<br>Vltavsko region<br>Žatecko region<br>Kladsko region<br> | ||
General list of communities, settlements and estates for the tax lists in 1654<br> | |||
City of Prague<br> | |||
Boleslavsko region<br> | |||
Čáslavsko region<br> | |||
Hradecko region<br> | |||
Kouřimsko region<br> | |||
Plzeňsko region<br> | |||
Podbrdsko region<br> | |||
Prácheňsko region<br> | |||
Vltavsko region<br> | |||
Žatecko region<br> | |||
Kladsko region<br> | |||
|} | |} | ||
The following volumes were not yet published: | The following volumes were not yet published: | ||
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
''Volume''<br> 4.-7.<br> 14.-15.<br> 16.-17.<br> 20.-21.<br> 22.<br> 29.<br> 30.<br> 35.<br> <br> <br> | ''Volume''<br>4.-7.<br>14.-15.<br>16.-17.<br>20.-21.<br>22.<br>29.<br>30.<br>35.<br><br><br> | ||
| | |||
''Region''<br> | | | ||
Bechyňsko region<br> | ''Region''<br>Bechyňsko region<br>Hradecko region<br>Chrudimsko region<br>Litoměřicko region<br>Loketsko region<br>Prácheňsko region<br>Rakovnicko region<br>Slánsko region (original lost)<br>Chebsko region (not taken)<br>Ašsko region (unknown)<br> | ||
Hradecko region<br> | |||
Chrudimsko region<br> | |||
Litoměřicko region<br> | |||
Loketsko region<br> | |||
Prácheňsko region<br> | |||
Rakovnicko region<br> | |||
Slánsko region (original lost)<br> | |||
Chebsko region (not taken)<br> | |||
Ašsko region (unknown)<br> | |||
|} | |} | ||
The Family History Library has above listed published copies of the 1654 cadaster (FHL INTL Book 943.7 B4b). | The Family History Library has above listed published copies of the 1654 cadaster (FHL INTL Book 943.7 B4b). | ||
=== General Index to All 1654 Tax Lists === | |||
Berní rula : generalní rejstřík ke všem svazkům- General Index to all 1654 tax lists (published and unpublished), supplemented with the 1651 census if tax lists missing. The Family History Library has a copy of the general index (FHL INTL Book 943.71 X2cc vol. 1-2). | |||
Berní knihy starého města Pražského, 1427-1434 - Tax books for the Prague subdivision Old Town. The Family History Library has a copy of the publication (FHL INTL Book 943.71/P3 R4p). | |||
[[Category:Czech_Republic]] | |||
== Town books == | |||
<br>Established in Bohemia around end of 13th century or beginning of 14th<br>Concern rights of towns and townsmen, some include property records, testaments, marriage agreements, debentures, trade records, criminal, military, political,and orphan books<br>Smaller towns, less information, established later<br>Many new Books were created in 1849 after the abolition of serfdom. The types of records in these new books are listed below. Records still varied widely from place to place. | |||
<br>-incoming mail book<br>-town and local councils and committees books<br>-ledger book<br>-cash book<br>-main tax book<br>-poor book<br>-resident certificate book<br>-registration book<br>-vineyard book<br>-mining book<br>-confirmation book<br>-construction book<br>-orphan book<br>-debenture book | |||