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Germans from Russia Historical Geography: Difference between revisions
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''[[Germans from Russia|Germans from Russia ]] > Historical Geography''<br> | ''[[Germans from Russia|Germans from Russia ]] > Historical Geography''<br> | ||
As a result of wars, treaties, and political realignments, the internal and external boundaries of the Russian Empire have changed many times. This | As a result of wars, treaties, and political realignments, the internal and external boundaries of the Russian Empire have changed many times. This page describes the changes that have taken place in the provincial structure and external frontiers of the Russian Empire. This information will help you in finding records in the ''Family History Library Catalog'' for the place your ancestors lived. This page will describe the jurisdictions used in the ''Family History Library Catalog''. | ||
The territory of the Russian Empire has varied considerably over the centuries. Beginning in 1802 Russia gradually reformed the structure of the Empire using administrative divisions with called ''guberniias''. Each guberniia had a governor.This reform continued until 1861 when Poland was finally divided into guberniias. During the Soviet era provincial boundaries were changed and called ''oblasts''. An oblast did not have a governor. | The territory of the Russian Empire has varied considerably over the centuries. Beginning in 1802 Russia gradually reformed the structure of the Empire using administrative divisions with called ''guberniias''. Each guberniia had a governor.This reform continued until 1861 when Poland was finally divided into guberniias. During the Soviet era provincial boundaries were changed and called ''oblasts''. An oblast did not have a governor. | ||
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The boundaries of the Russian Empire have changed many times since German-speaking people began settling there in large numbers starting in 1763, including borders of some areas where Germans settled. The earliest German settlements were along the Volga River in old Russia, near St. Petersburg, and near Belovesh in the Ukraine. As Russia expanded, Germans were also encouraged to settle newly acquired Russian lands sometimes named “New Russia.” | The boundaries of the Russian Empire have changed many times since German-speaking people began settling there in large numbers starting in 1763, including borders of some areas where Germans settled. The earliest German settlements were along the Volga River in old Russia, near St. Petersburg, and near Belovesh in the Ukraine. As Russia expanded, Germans were also encouraged to settle newly acquired Russian lands sometimes named “New Russia.” | ||
'''''Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Finland.''''' The Partitions of Poland expanded the Russian Empire into northeastern Belarus in 1772, further into Belarus and into the Ukraine in 1793, and after the defeat of a Polish uprising into Courland and Volhynia in 1795. In 1809 Russia took control of Finland. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 gave a revived but greatly reduced Poland to the Russian Tsar. Poland and Finland were allowed more autonomy than other areas. As a distinct entity within Russia, Poland was not at first divided into provincial units (guberniias) as the rest of Russia was gradually after 1802. In 1861 even Poland was divided into guberniias. Germans from Russian Poland are covered in greater detail on the Poland | '''''Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Finland.''''' The Partitions of Poland expanded the Russian Empire into northeastern Belarus in 1772, further into Belarus and into the Ukraine in 1793, and after the defeat of a Polish uprising into Courland and Volhynia in 1795. In 1809 Russia took control of Finland. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 gave a revived but greatly reduced Poland to the Russian Tsar. Poland and Finland were allowed more autonomy than other areas. As a distinct entity within Russia, Poland was not at first divided into provincial units (guberniias) as the rest of Russia was gradually after 1802. In 1861 even Poland was divided into guberniias. Germans from Russian Poland are covered in greater detail on the Poland Wiki article. | ||
'''''Black Sea and Bessarabia.''''' Russia first expanded to the Black Sea in 1774 in southeast Kherson (Ukraine), Tavrida (including the Crimea) in 1783, and northern Kuban in 1793. In 1792 the Jedisan in southwesterern Kherson was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia. During the 1806 to 1812 Russo-Turkish War the Russians occupied Moldavia and Walachia. These were returned to the Ottomans in 1812 except for the eastern part of Moldavia known as Bessarabia between the Dniester and Prut rivers. After the Crimean War in 1856 Russia turned over the Danube River delta and southern Bessarabia to Romania. | '''''Black Sea and Bessarabia.''''' Russia first expanded to the Black Sea in 1774 in southeast Kherson (Ukraine), Tavrida (including the Crimea) in 1783, and northern Kuban in 1793. In 1792 the Jedisan in southwesterern Kherson was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia. During the 1806 to 1812 Russo-Turkish War the Russians occupied Moldavia and Walachia. These were returned to the Ottomans in 1812 except for the eastern part of Moldavia known as Bessarabia between the Dniester and Prut rivers. After the Crimean War in 1856 Russia turned over the Danube River delta and southern Bessarabia to Romania. | ||
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'''''Black Sea Germans''''' settled along the north coast of the Black Sea starting in 1804 especially in Kherson, Tavrida, and Yekaterinoslav provinces in Ukraine and including colonies around Alt Danzig, Beresan, Bessarabia, Crimea, Dobrudja, Khortitsa, Molotscna, and Odessa. They were a mix of Evangelical Lutherans, Catholics, and Mennonites. In 1897 there were 345,000 settlers. Some migrated from these settlement to secondary settlements in the Caucasus region. The biggest concentration of Black Sea German emigrants to the United States is in North and South Dakota. | '''''Black Sea Germans''''' settled along the north coast of the Black Sea starting in 1804 especially in Kherson, Tavrida, and Yekaterinoslav provinces in Ukraine and including colonies around Alt Danzig, Beresan, Bessarabia, Crimea, Dobrudja, Khortitsa, Molotscna, and Odessa. They were a mix of Evangelical Lutherans, Catholics, and Mennonites. In 1897 there were 345,000 settlers. Some migrated from these settlement to secondary settlements in the Caucasus region. The biggest concentration of Black Sea German emigrants to the United States is in North and South Dakota. | ||
'''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_Germans Bukovinia Germans].''''' Bukovina is located between Galicia and Romania. Northern Bukovina become part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine) in 1940. Bukovina Germans are not considered Germans from Russia for this | '''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_Germans Bukovinia Germans].''''' Bukovina is located between Galicia and Romania. Northern Bukovina become part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine) in 1940. Bukovina Germans are not considered Germans from Russia for this article. | ||
'''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Germans Caucasus] (North) Germans.''''' From mother colonies on the Black Sea, Germans settled scattered, small colonies in the Kuban and Terek districts of Russia in 1817 and 1818. | '''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Germans Caucasus] (North) Germans.''''' From mother colonies on the Black Sea, Germans settled scattered, small colonies in the Kuban and Terek districts of Russia in 1817 and 1818. | ||
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'''''Odessa.''''' Germans settled near this Black Sea port in Kherson, Ukraine, starting in 1804. In 1872 and 1873 several groups from this area emigrated to Nebraska and the Dakotas in the United States. | '''''Odessa.''''' Germans settled near this Black Sea port in Kherson, Ukraine, starting in 1804. In 1872 and 1873 several groups from this area emigrated to Nebraska and the Dakotas in the United States. | ||
'''''Polish Germans.''''' Poland did not exist as an independent nation between the Partitions of the late 1700s through to WW I. There were numerous German settlements throughout the Prussian, Russian and Austrian controlled regions. Roughly 75% of Germans in Volhynia migrated from Russian Poland throughout the 1800s. Although east-central Poland was controlled by Russia, Polish Germans are not considered Germans from Russia. Details about them can be found in the Poland | '''''Polish Germans.''''' Poland did not exist as an independent nation between the Partitions of the late 1700s through to WW I. There were numerous German settlements throughout the Prussian, Russian and Austrian controlled regions. Roughly 75% of Germans in Volhynia migrated from Russian Poland throughout the 1800s. Although east-central Poland was controlled by Russia, Polish Germans are not considered Germans from Russia. Details about them can be found in the Poland Wiki article. The vast majority of Russian Poland Germans were Evangelical Lutheran. | ||
'''''Samara Germans.''''' German Mennonites founded settlements north of the city of Samara, Russia between 1854 and 1859. | '''''Samara Germans.''''' German Mennonites founded settlements north of the city of Samara, Russia between 1854 and 1859. | ||
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'''''Zipser Germans''''' settled near the Carpathian mountains in northern Hungary in the 12th Century. They are not Germans from Russia. | '''''Zipser Germans''''' settled near the Carpathian mountains in northern Hungary in the 12th Century. They are not Germans from Russia. | ||
For more about the history of German-speaking settlements in Russia see the | For more about the history of German-speaking settlements in Russia see the “[[Germans_from_Russia_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]]” page of this article. | ||
== Historical Atlases == | == Historical Atlases == | ||
The following atlases are the source of some of the information | The following atlases are the source of some of the information on this page and explain more about the historical geography of Russia and Germans from Russia. See also the “[[Germans_from_Russia_Gazetteers|Gazetteers]]” and “[[Germans_from_Russia_Maps|Maps]]” pages of this article. You can find these and similar material at the Family History Library and many other research libraries. | ||
Chew, Allen F. An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders. Rev. ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970. (FHL book 947 E3c 1970; computer number 272497). Includes a greater variety of maps but with less details such as rivers and towns. | Chew, Allen F. An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders. Rev. ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1970. (FHL book 947 E3c 1970; computer number 272497). Includes a greater variety of maps but with less details such as rivers and towns. | ||
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. Ukraine: A Historical Atlas. University of Toronto Ukrainian Studies; no. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985. (FHL Q book 947.71 E7m; computer number 409943). Detailed maps, including “Minority populations in 19th century Ukraine” on page 18 showing German settlements. Maps often show areas beyond the Ukraine including most of the areas where Germans settled in Russia. | . Ukraine: A Historical Atlas. University of Toronto Ukrainian Studies; no. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985. (FHL Q book 947.71 E7m; computer number 409943). Detailed maps, including “Minority populations in 19th century Ukraine” on page 18 showing German settlements. Maps often show areas beyond the Ukraine including most of the areas where Germans settled in Russia. | ||
Stier, Hans-Erich. Westerman Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (Westermann Atlas of World History). 8. Aufl. Braunschweig: Georg Westermann, 1972 (FHL book 940 E3we | Stier, Hans-Erich. Westerman Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (Westermann Atlas of World History). 8. Aufl. Braunschweig: Georg Westermann, 1972 (FHL book 940 E3we). Text in German. A very general worldwide atlas which includes a few maps showing the development of Russian borders. Good for annexation dates. | ||
«??? Also get books with lists of settlements in either Emig, Gazetteers, or this | «??? Also get books with lists of settlements in either Emig, Gazetteers, or this page??? | ||
Other sources about boundary changes are found in the Family History Library Catalog under: | Other sources about boundary changes are found in the Family History Library Catalog under: | ||
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RUSSIA (EMPIRE), [PROVINCE] - HISTORY | RUSSIA (EMPIRE), [PROVINCE] - HISTORY | ||
Important information about German-speaking villages in Russia and eastern Europe is available via computer network Internet sites described in the | Important information about German-speaking villages in Russia and eastern Europe is available via computer network Internet sites described in the “[[Germans_from_Russia_Archives_and_Libraries|Archives and Libraries]]” page of this article. | ||
''[[Germans from Russia Handwriting|Handwriting]] < Previous | Next > [[Germans from Russia History|History]]'' | ''[[Germans from Russia Handwriting|Handwriting]] < Previous | Next > [[Germans from Russia History|History]]'' | ||
[[Category:Germans_from_Russia]] | [[Category:Germans_from_Russia]] | ||