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Lake Michigan: Difference between revisions
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<br>[[Image:Lake Michigan.jpg|thumb|right|200x300px | <br>[[Image:Lake Michigan.jpg|thumb|right|200x300px]]The only one of the five Great Lakes of North America that is located entirely within the United States is Lake Michigan. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the US and Canada. It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume <ref>GLIN, "Lake Michigan" at Great-lakes.net. (accessed 20 November 2013).</ref> and the third largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). The wide Straits of Mackinac to the east of Lake Michigan conjoin it with Lake Huron, giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; the two are technically a single lake. The states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan form the boundaries of Lake Michigan.<br><br>The word "Michigan" originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning "great water".[3] | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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Approximately 1,000,000 years ago, glaciers up to 6,500 feet thick covered most of the Midwest. As these monstrous ice formations inched their way forward and backward, until finally withdrawing 10,000 years ago, gouges were created that filled with water from the melting ice. These gouges became the lakes of the Great Lakes that we know today. | Approximately 1,000,000 years ago, glaciers up to 6,500 feet thick covered most of the Midwest. As these monstrous ice formations inched their way forward and backward, until finally withdrawing 10,000 years ago, gouges were created that filled with water from the melting ice. These gouges became the lakes of the Great Lakes that we know today. | ||
[[Image:Woodland indian camp.jpg|thumb|left]]Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the next few hundred years the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians. <br><br>In the early seventeenth century, when western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians: the Chippewa, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, Miami, Ottawa, and Potawatomi. <br><br> | [[Image:Woodland indian camp.jpg|thumb|left|Woodland indian camp.jpg]]Some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the next few hundred years the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Indians. <br><br>In the early seventeenth century, when western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Indians: the Chippewa, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, Miami, Ottawa, and Potawatomi. <br><br> | ||
The first Europeans to see Lake Michigan were French traders and explorers in the 1600's. It is believed that the French explorer Jean Nicolet was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.[4] One of which, Samuel de Champlain (1567?-1635), who mapped much of northeastern North America, called Lake Michigan the Grand Lac. It was later named "Lake of the Stinking Water" or "Lake of the Puants," after the people who occupied its shores. | The first Europeans to see Lake Michigan were French traders and explorers in the 1600's. It is believed that the French explorer Jean Nicolet was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.[4] One of which, Samuel de Champlain (1567?-1635), who mapped much of northeastern North America, called Lake Michigan the Grand Lac. It was later named "Lake of the Stinking Water" or "Lake of the Puants," after the people who occupied its shores. | ||
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== Beaches == | == Beaches == | ||
[[Image:Montrose Beach Chicago.jpg|thumb|left|300x150px]] | [[Image:Montrose Beach Chicago.jpg|thumb|left|300x150px|Montrose Beach Chicago.jpg]] | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast" of the United States, after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The sand is soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high quartz content) made when one walks across it. </span> | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast" of the United States, after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The sand is soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high quartz content) made when one walks across it. </span> | ||
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<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />Lake Michigan has numerous islands within it's bounds, some large and many small. The following is a list of these islands. | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />Lake Michigan has numerous islands within it's bounds, some large and many small. The following is a list of these islands. | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">[[Image:Lake michigan islands and lighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|225x200px]]The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County, Michigan, includes Beaver Island, Garden Island, Grape Island, Gull Island, Hat Island, High Island, Hog Island, Horseshoe Island, Little Island, Pismire Island, Shoe Island, Squaw Island, Trout Island, and Whiskey Island.</span><br><br>The Fox Islands in Leelanau County, Michigan, consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island.<br><br>The Manitou Islands, North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island, are in Leelanau County, Michigan.<br><br>Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island, Bellow Island, and Marion Island.<br><br>Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County, Michigan include Gravelly Island, Gull Island, Little Gull Island, Little Summer Island, Poverty Island, Rocky Island, St. Martin Island, and Summer Island.<br><br>Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Round Island, Saint Vital Island, and Snake Island.<br><br>Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island.<br><br>Wilderness State Park in Emmet County, Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island.<br><br>Epoufette Island, Gravel Island, Little Hog Island, and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County, Michigan, in the area of Epoufette, Michigan and Naubinway, Michigan.<br><br>Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge, in Mackinac County, Michigan.<br><br>Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island, Detroit Island, Hog Island, Pilot Island, Plum Island, Rock Island, and Washington Island. The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself, due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.<br><br>Northerly Island is a 91-acre (37 ha) man-made island in Chicago. It is the home of the Adler Planetarium, the former site of Meigs Field, and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer.<br><br>Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County, Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County, Michigan. | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">[[Image:Lake michigan islands and lighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|225x200px|Lake michigan islands and lighthouse.jpg]]The Beaver Island archipelago in Charlevoix County, Michigan, includes Beaver Island, Garden Island, Grape Island, Gull Island, Hat Island, High Island, Hog Island, Horseshoe Island, Little Island, Pismire Island, Shoe Island, Squaw Island, Trout Island, and Whiskey Island.</span><br><br>The Fox Islands in Leelanau County, Michigan, consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island.<br><br>The Manitou Islands, North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island, are in Leelanau County, Michigan.<br><br>Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island, Bellow Island, and Marion Island.<br><br>Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County, Michigan include Gravelly Island, Gull Island, Little Gull Island, Little Summer Island, Poverty Island, Rocky Island, St. Martin Island, and Summer Island.<br><br>Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Round Island, Saint Vital Island, and Snake Island.<br><br>Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island.<br><br>Wilderness State Park in Emmet County, Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island.<br><br>Epoufette Island, Gravel Island, Little Hog Island, and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County, Michigan, in the area of Epoufette, Michigan and Naubinway, Michigan.<br><br>Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge, in Mackinac County, Michigan.<br><br>Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island, Detroit Island, Hog Island, Pilot Island, Plum Island, Rock Island, and Washington Island. The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself, due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.<br><br>Northerly Island is a 91-acre (37 ha) man-made island in Chicago. It is the home of the Adler Planetarium, the former site of Meigs Field, and the current site of the temporary concert venue Charter One Pavilion each summer.<br><br>Other islands included Fisherman Island in Charlevoix County, Michigan and Ile aux Galets in Emmet County, Michigan. | ||
== Parks == | == Parks == | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />[[Image:Platte flowing into lake michigan.jpg|thumb|left|250x190px | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />[[Image:Platte flowing into lake michigan.jpg|thumb|left|250x190px]]Within the lake there are a number of state and local parks located on the shore or upon the islands. The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The Platte River flows into Lake Michigan at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. The shallow, sandy bottom of the riverbed makes it fun for tubing. | ||
<br>Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest. The Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness is located within a section of the Manistee National Forest. The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake. | <br>Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest. The Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness is located within a section of the Manistee National Forest. The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake. | ||
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<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Lake Michigan is home to a variety of species of fish and other organisms. It was originally home to lake trout, yellow perch, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, bowfin, as well as some species of catfish. In recent years overfishing has caused a decline in lake trout, ultimately causing an increase in the alewife population. As a result, coho and chinook salmon were introduced as a predator of alewives to decrease the alewife population. This program was so successful that the salmon population exploded, and the states surrounding Lake Michigan promoted Salmon Snagging. This practice has since been made illegal in all of the great lakes states with the exception of a limited season in Illinois. Lake Michigan is now being stocked with several species of fish. However, several invader species introduced such as lampreys, round goby, and zebra mussels threaten the vitality of fish populations.</span><br> | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Lake Michigan is home to a variety of species of fish and other organisms. It was originally home to lake trout, yellow perch, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, bowfin, as well as some species of catfish. In recent years overfishing has caused a decline in lake trout, ultimately causing an increase in the alewife population. As a result, coho and chinook salmon were introduced as a predator of alewives to decrease the alewife population. This program was so successful that the salmon population exploded, and the states surrounding Lake Michigan promoted Salmon Snagging. This practice has since been made illegal in all of the great lakes states with the exception of a limited season in Illinois. Lake Michigan is now being stocked with several species of fish. However, several invader species introduced such as lampreys, round goby, and zebra mussels threaten the vitality of fish populations.</span><br> | ||
== | == Old Reference List == | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> a b "Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-01-14.</span><br> a b c d e f Wright, John W. (ed.); Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.<br> "Superior Watershed Partnership Projects".<br> Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985). Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites, pp. 7–13. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-10004-9.<br> Bogue (1985), pp. 14–16.<br>^ Shelak, Benjamin J. (2003). Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan p. 3. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 1-931599-21-1.<br>^ "Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins". The Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1989. Retrieved 2009-08-09.<br>^ http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml "Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms"<br>^ Eric Bird (2010). Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4020-8638-0.<br>^ "Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch". Coastwatch.msu.edu. Retrieved 2010-01-14.<br>^ a b Hilton, George Woodman (2002). Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers, pp. 3–5. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4240-5.<br>^ Great Lakes Circle Tour.<br>^ Hawthorne, Michael. "BP gets break on dumping in lake". Chicago Tribune.<br>^ a b c d Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District<br>^ "The Weather History for February 21st". Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 23 February 2011.<br> | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> a b "Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2010-01-14.</span><br> a b c d e f Wright, John W. (ed.); Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.<br> "Superior Watershed Partnership Projects".<br> Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985). Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites, pp. 7–13. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-10004-9.<br> Bogue (1985), pp. 14–16.<br>^ Shelak, Benjamin J. (2003). Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan p. 3. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 1-931599-21-1.<br>^ "Variations In Sediment Accumulation Rates And The Flux Of Labile Organic Matter In Eastern Lake Superior Basins". The Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1989. Retrieved 2009-08-09.<br>^ http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml "Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms"<br>^ Eric Bird (2010). Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms. Springer. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4020-8638-0.<br>^ "Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch". Coastwatch.msu.edu. Retrieved 2010-01-14.<br>^ a b Hilton, George Woodman (2002). Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers, pp. 3–5. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4240-5.<br>^ Great Lakes Circle Tour.<br>^ Hawthorne, Michael. "BP gets break on dumping in lake". Chicago Tribune.<br>^ a b c d Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; US Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District<br>^ "The Weather History for February 21st". Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Retrieved 23 February 2011.<br> | ||
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http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html<br>http://www.lakemichiganangler.com/ | http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html<br>http://www.lakemichiganangler.com/ | ||
== References == | |||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> | |||
</span><br> {{reflist}} <br> <br> | |||
[[Category:US_Migration_Rivers_and_Lakes]] | [[Category:US_Migration_Rivers_and_Lakes]] | ||