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Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians: Difference between revisions
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== History == | == History == | ||
It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. Historians generally classify the Pembina Chippewa's as being | It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. Historians generally classify the Pembina Chippewa's as being [[Saulteaux_Indians]] but history tells of a '''Pembina Chippewa District'''. | ||
A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States, extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa. | A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States, extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa. | ||
Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude (the Leech Lake Reservation region). That be from Cass Lake over 500 miles to the west. Probably just southeast of what is now Fort Peck Reservoir. The Pembina Chippewa District bordered the | Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude (the Leech Lake Reservation region). That be from Cass Lake over 500 miles to the west. Probably just southeast of what is now Fort Peck Reservoir. The Pembina Chippewa District bordered the [[Little_Shell_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians,_Montana]] District. The Yellowstone River in Montana may have been the Districts border. To the west was the Little Shell Chippewa District and to the east was the Pembina Chippewa District. Pembina Chippewa land in Canada was located in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and probably a small area of southeastern Saskatchewan. In the early 20th century, many Pembina Chippewa's who lived in southern Manitoba (St. Peters near Selkirk) were forced to relocate to the north and northeast. That be the Fisher River and Peguis region of Manitoba, and the region east of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. That happened when adhesions were signed to Treaty 5 on August 24, 1908 (Fisher River) and June 9, 1910 (Deer's Lake). Long before that, however, the Pembina Chippewa's migrated north into northern Manitoba and Nunavut. | ||
Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed. | Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed. | ||
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Were probably living in the south of Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. A larger Lake Winnipeg probably existed during those times so the Pembina Chippewa's were probably more at home in northwestern Ontario. | Were probably living in the south of Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. A larger Lake Winnipeg probably existed during those times so the Pembina Chippewa's were probably more at home in northwestern Ontario. | ||
'''16th century:''' | '''16th century:''' | ||
May have had first contact with the whites. | May have had first contact with the whites. | ||
'''17th century:''' | '''17th century:''' | ||
They definitely had contact with the whites. Probably from the Hudson Bay region. Pembina Chippeway soldiers were sent east to help fight the whites and their Indian allies. | They definitely had contact with the whites. Probably from the Hudson Bay region. Pembina Chippeway soldiers were sent east to help fight the whites and their Indian allies. | ||
'''18th century:''' | '''18th century:''' | ||
Though their participation in the wars against the whites was limited, Pembina Chippeway soldiers did participate in those wars. In 1774 (around the time of Lord Dunmore's War or Revolutionary War), the whites commenced to build trading posts inland from Hudson Bay. It agitated the Chippeway's. After the Revolutionary War, an increase in the number of inland trading posts followed. Hudson Bay Company was really searching for the Northwest Passage. After finding it, they commenced to build forts in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. It caused unrest among the Chippeway's. | Though their participation in the wars against the whites was limited, Pembina Chippeway soldiers did participate in those wars. In 1774 (around the time of Lord Dunmore's War or Revolutionary War), the whites commenced to build trading posts inland from Hudson Bay. It agitated the Chippeway's. After the Revolutionary War, an increase in the number of inland trading posts followed. Hudson Bay Company was really searching for the Northwest Passage. After finding it, they commenced to build forts in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. It caused unrest among the Chippeway's. | ||
'''19th century:''' | '''19th century:''' | ||
During the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion to the south of Manitoba. Chippeway soldiers stopped and defeated the whites. They subjugated most until 1869. Wars on the plains of the northern United States and Minnesota, led to large numbers of Pembina Chippewa casualties. Many followed prophecy and fled west. Chief Yellow Quill, who originally lived in southern Manitoba, was instrumental in leading large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's to eastern Saskatchewan. One of chief Yellow Quill's sub-chiefs named Kinistin, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's north to the Barren Lands (Caribou Land) of Manitoba, northeastern Saskatchewan, and Nunavut. Chiefs James and John Smith, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's from the St. Peters region in southern Manitoba, to Saskatchewan. Many Pembina Chippewa's were led into Montana by chief Sitting Bull. Chief Sitting Bull was born and raised among the Red River Chippewa's, or was Pembina Chippewa. | During the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion to the south of Manitoba. Chippeway soldiers stopped and defeated the whites. They subjugated most until 1869. Wars on the plains of the northern United States and Minnesota, led to large numbers of Pembina Chippewa casualties. Many followed prophecy and fled west. Chief Yellow Quill, who originally lived in southern Manitoba, was instrumental in leading large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's to eastern Saskatchewan. One of chief Yellow Quill's sub-chiefs named Kinistin, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's north to the Barren Lands (Caribou Land) of Manitoba, northeastern Saskatchewan, and Nunavut. Chiefs James and John Smith, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's from the St. Peters region in southern Manitoba, to Saskatchewan. Many Pembina Chippewa's were led into Montana by chief Sitting Bull. Chief Sitting Bull was born and raised among the Red River Chippewa's, or was Pembina Chippewa. | ||