1,163
edits
Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
==== Brief Timeline ==== | ==== Brief Timeline ==== | ||
It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. | It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa. | ||
Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west. That be from | Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude. That be from the Minnesota-North Dakota border to the west. Probably near where Lewistown, Montana is. Pembina land in Canada is located in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and probably a small area of southeastern Saskatchewan. | ||
Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed. | Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed. | ||
By the late 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were living in the Devil's Lake region of North Dakota and also the Turtle Mountains region of North Dakota and Manitoba. To the south of Devil's Lake the Lakota, who had yet to be subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's, used the guns they received from white trading posts to attack the Pembina Chippewa's. At the time the Chippewa soldiers could easily defeat the Lakota using only bows and arrows. The single shot musket guns were no match. Some Lakota people were always capable of not being subjugated by the Chippewa's. They tended to keep their villages located near white trading posts. | By the late 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were living in the Devil's Lake region of North Dakota and also the Turtle Mountains region of North Dakota and Manitoba. To the south of Devil's Lake, the Lakota, who had yet to be subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's, used the guns they received from white trading posts to attack the Pembina Chippewa's. At the time the Chippewa soldiers could easily defeat the Lakota using only bows and arrows. The single shot musket guns were no match. Some Lakota people were always capable of not being subjugated by the Chippewa's. They tended to keep their villages located near white trading posts. | ||
Some time in the 18th century the Pembina Chippewa's had forced their way into the east of South Dakota. They mixed their culture and language with the Lakota people they had subjugated. It is not known when the Pembina Chippewa's reached the Montana region. According to the Chippewa author Peter Jones, the Chippewa's had fought a war in far western Montana (around the Missoula and Bitterroot Valley region) many generations before his time which was the mid 19th century. Jones could only provide those details. | Some time in the 18th century the Pembina Chippewa's had forced their way into the east of South Dakota. They mixed their culture and language with the Lakota people they had subjugated. It is not known when the Pembina Chippewa's reached the Montana region. According to the Chippewa author Peter Jones, the Chippewa's had fought a war in far western Montana (around the Missoula and Bitterroot Valley region) many generations before his time which was the mid 19th century. Jones could only provide those details. | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
Around the time of the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion into the south of Manitoba. Pembina Chippewa soldiers defeated and subjugated them. They allowed the whites who had settled in the few white forts and settlements in southern Manitoba, some degree of freedom. Freedom of religion was one and to stay in contact with the whites at the trading posts was another. The Metis people are a part of Pembina Chippewa history. | Around the time of the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion into the south of Manitoba. Pembina Chippewa soldiers defeated and subjugated them. They allowed the whites who had settled in the few white forts and settlements in southern Manitoba, some degree of freedom. Freedom of religion was one and to stay in contact with the whites at the trading posts was another. The Metis people are a part of Pembina Chippewa history. | ||
They liked the lifestyle of the Pembina Chippewa's who frequently hunted for buffalo. They are a mixture of Chippewa and white, or the descendants of the white settlers who invaded southern Manitoba between 1800 and 1820. They would cause problems as the 19th century progressed. The Pembina Chippewa's mixed their culture and language with the whites they subjugated. Much mixing occurred and the Metis were prone to fall for the religion of the whites. The Pembina Chippewa's were liberal about religion but were not stupid. They first allowed the whites to carry on with their religion but sometimes reacted with great rage if the whites appeared to be foolish.<br> | They liked the lifestyle of the Pembina Chippewa's who frequently hunted for buffalo. They are a mixture of Chippewa and white, or the descendants of the white settlers who invaded southern Manitoba between 1800 and 1820. They would cause problems as the 19th century progressed. The Pembina Chippewa's mixed their culture and language with the whites they subjugated. Much mixing occurred and the Metis were prone to fall for the religion of the whites. The Pembina Chippewa's were liberal about religion but were not stupid. They first allowed the whites to carry on with their religion but sometimes reacted with great rage if the whites appeared to be foolish.<br> | ||
==== Brief History ==== | ==== Brief History ==== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
'''15th Century:'''<br>First Pembina Chippewa's are probably living in far western Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and even in British Columbia. | '''15th Century:'''<br>First Pembina Chippewa's are probably living in far western Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and even in British Columbia. | ||
'''16th Century:''' | '''16th Century:''' News about the first white invaders was probably learned of by the Pembina Chippewa's of the western part of North America. | ||
News about the first white invaders was probably learned of by the Pembina Chippewa's of the western part of North America. | |||
'''17th Century:'''<br>Contact with the whites may have occurred. It either occurred in western North America, or the Hudson Bay region of Canada. | '''17th Century:'''<br>Contact with the whites may have occurred. It either occurred in western North America, or the Hudson Bay region of Canada. | ||
| Line 32: | Line 31: | ||
'''18th Century:'''<br>As the century progressed so did the Chippewa migration to the west. They followed old roads to the Montana region and beyond. They were in frequent contact with white traders. Pembina Chippewa leaders did not like them. They knew the white traders were luring their people to the trade posts by offering alcohol. It caused a great deal of unrest between the Pembina Chippewa leaders and their subjects who often had to be jailed for not following the rules of their leaders. | '''18th Century:'''<br>As the century progressed so did the Chippewa migration to the west. They followed old roads to the Montana region and beyond. They were in frequent contact with white traders. Pembina Chippewa leaders did not like them. They knew the white traders were luring their people to the trade posts by offering alcohol. It caused a great deal of unrest between the Pembina Chippewa leaders and their subjects who often had to be jailed for not following the rules of their leaders. | ||
'''19th century:'''<br>More contact with the whites increased. By the mid part of the 19th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were at war with the whites. The wars caused heavy Pembina Chippewa casualties. The whites had the revolver, repeating rifle, and machine gun (gatlin gun) by the 1860s. In the late 1860s, the whites who had long been subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's in the south of Manitoba, rose up and declared their independence. By the mid 1880s the fighting had ended. Reservations were established. Many were also established in northwestern Ontario. | '''19th century:'''<br>More contact with the whites increased. By the mid part of the 19th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were at war with the whites. The wars caused heavy Pembina Chippewa casualties. The whites had the revolver, repeating rifle, and machine gun (gatlin gun) by the 1860s. In the late 1860s, the whites who had long been subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's in the south of Manitoba, rose up and declared their independence. By the mid 1880s the fighting had ended. Reservations were established. Many were also established in northwestern Ontario. | ||
==== Reservations ==== | ==== Reservations ==== | ||
| Line 66: | Line 65: | ||
Red Lake Reservation. | Red Lake Reservation. | ||
Rocky Boy Reservation. | Rocky Boy Reservation. | ||
Turtle Mountain Reservation. | Turtle Mountain Reservation. | ||
White Earth Reservation. | White Earth Reservation. | ||
Wind River Reservation. | Wind River Reservation. | ||
| Line 84: | Line 83: | ||
Cote-Keeseekoose Reserve. | Cote-Keeseekoose Reserve. | ||
Crooked Lakes Reserve. | Crooked Lakes Reserve. | ||
Dakota Plains Reserve. | Dakota Plains Reserve. | ||
| Line 132: | Line 131: | ||
White Bear Reserve. | White Bear Reserve. | ||
Wood Mountain Reserve.<br> | Wood Mountain Reserve.<br> | ||
==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe ==== | ==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe ==== | ||