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The [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/images/8/82/WL_Poland.pdf Polish Genealogical Word List] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  
== Introduction ==
The [[Media:WL Poland.pdf|Polish Genealogical Word List]] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  


Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech.. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  


*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
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The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.  
The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.  
While a Latin-based alphabet is used in both Polish and English, some letters make different sounds in each language. Below are a few examples of how some Polish sounds may be represented in English:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Polish Sound'''
|'''Possible English Representation'''
|-
|ą
|om, on (in “home” or “prone”)
|-
|c
|ts (in “cats”)
|-
|ch
|hard h (like “ch” in “loch”)
|-
|cz, ć
|ch (in “chew”)
|-
|dż
|j (in “joke”)
|-
|ę
|em, en (in “them” or “then”)
|-
|j
|y (in “you”)
|-
|ł
|l/w (in “life” or “wife”)
|-
|ó
|oo (in “too”)
|-
|sz, ś (sch in German)
|sh (in “shake”)
|-
|w
|v (in “vote”)
|-
|z, rz, ż
|zh (like “s” in “treasure”)
|}
Some other letter sounds may be confused with each other, such as b and p, v and f, g and k, d and t, zh and sh, z and s, or j and ch, especially if they were written in a document based only on what someone said. Vowel sounds can vary too, so knowing that an “a” may be used in place of an “o” or an “i” in place of an “e” can help you make sense of spelling errors you find in historical records.


=== Language Aids  ===
=== Language Aids  ===


The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  
The FamilySearch Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  
 
Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FS Library book 491.85321 K847e.)


Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.)  
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FS Library book 491.85321P751p.)  


Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)  
[https://sjp.pwn.pl/ SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO -- Polish language dictionary (online)]
 
[https://wsjp.pl/index.php?pwh=0 Wielki słownik języka polskiego - polish dictionary (online)] **must use diacritics!**


Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  
Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  


Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to&nbsp;the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at&nbsp;[http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  
Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at [http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  


To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  
To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  


Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)  
Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 D27.)  


The Polish Genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at [http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp FamilySearch:Research Helps].
Learning: Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~atpc/genealogy/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].
 
Learning:&nbsp;Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~atpc/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].  


=== Language Characteristics  ===
=== Language Characteristics  ===
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umarła-- she died  
umarła-- she died  
 
{| style="float:right; margin-right:30px"
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| style="padding-right:0px"|
|[[Image:Flag of Poland.png|thumb|right|300px|<center>Flag of Poland<center>]]
|}
umarło-- it [the child] died  
umarło-- it [the child] died  


==== Variant Forms of Words  ====
==== Variant Forms of Words  ====


In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  
In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries-married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  


The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
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-y or -i (feminine) -ej  
-y or -i (feminine) -ej  
 
{| style="float:right; margin-right:30px"
|-
| style="padding-right:0px"|
|[[Image:Poland.jpg|thumb|right|350px|<center>Poland<center>]]
|}
-ów (plural) -ich or -ych  
-ów (plural) -ich or -ych  


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| żony=wives
| żony=wives
|}
|}
=== Polish Grammar===
The Polish language is highly inflective. This means that words may have different grammatical endings, depending on their usage. Personal names and name of places, like other words, are inflected. Polish has six grammatical inflections, called cases, only four of which are commonly encountered in Napoleonic records.
#'''Nominative case:''' This is the standard, non-inflected form as would be used on genealogical forms or as would be found on a map.
#'''Genitive case:''' This is the possessive case, meaning “of.” Example: John’s child, the child of John. Generally, it is an –''a'' ending on male names and a –''y'' ending on female names.
#'''Instrumental case:''' this case is most often used with the preposition ''między'', meaning “with.” It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –''m'' ending on male names and an –''a'' ending on female names.
#'''Prepositional case:''' This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition ''w'', meaning “in.” There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.
<br>
For more detailed information about Polish grammar and additional examples of Polish grammar in genealogical documents, see the [[Media:Polish Paleography Seminar FHL 2019.pdf| '''Polish Paleography Seminar Handout - Grammar overview''']].


=== Additional Resources  ===
=== Additional Resources  ===


This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  
This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the FamilySearch Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  


The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:  
The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in FamilySearch Centers:  


Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.''&nbsp; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)  
Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.'' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FS Library film 1,045,473, item 1)  


Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the Family History Library Catalog under:  
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:  


POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES  
POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES  
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Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:  
Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:  


POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES  
POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES


=== Key Words  ===
== Key Words  ==


To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.  
To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.  
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|-
|-
| birth  
| birth  
| urodzin, urodzony, urodzi,ł sie zrodzony
| urodzin, urodzony, urodził się, zrodzony
|-
|-
| burial  
| burial  
| pochowanie, pogrzeb
| pochówek, pochowanie, pogrzeb
|-
|-
| Catholic  
| Catholic  
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|-
|-
| death(s)  
| death(s)  
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł , zmarł , śmierci
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł, zmarł, śmierci
|-
|-
| father  
| father  
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|-
|-
| husband  
| husband  
| mąz, małżonek
| mąż, małżonek
|-
|-
| index  
| index  
| indeks, skorowidz, register, spis
| indeks, skorowidz, rejestr, spis
|-
|-
| Jewish  
| Jewish  
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|-
|-
| marriage  
| marriage  
| małżenstw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
| małżeństw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
|-
|-
| marriage banns  
| marriage banns  
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|-
|-
| wife  
| wife  
| żona, malłżonka, zamena, kobieżta
| żona, małżonka, zamężna, kobieta
|-
|-
| year  
| year  
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<br>
<br>


=== Numbers  ===
== Numbers  ==


In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. In dates, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  
In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. Because dates are formed using the genitive case, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%" align="center"
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="center" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| pierwszy  
| pierwszy  
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{| style="width: 468px; height: 817px" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="10"
{| width="1000" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="10" border="0" height="1052" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
|  
| <br>
| '''Cardinal'''  
| '''Cardinal'''  
|  
| <br>
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal in genitive case'''
|-
|-
| align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
| style="vertical-align:top" align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
| jeden, jedna <br>dwa <br>trzy <br>cztery <br>pięć <br>sześć <br>siedem <br>osiem <br>dziewięć <br>dziesięć <br>jedenaście <br>dwanaście <br>trzynaście <br>czternaście <br>piętnaście <br>szesnaście <br>siedemnaście <br>osiemnaście <br>dziewiętnaście <br>dwadzieścia <br>dwadzieścia jeden <br>dwadzieścia dwa <br>dwadzieścia trzy <br>dwadzieścia cztery <br>dwadzieścia pięć <br>dwadzieścia sześć<br>dwadzieścia siedem <br>dwadzieścia osiem <br>dwadzieścia dziewięć<br>trzydzieści <br>czterdzieści <br>pięćdziesiąt <br>sześć dziesiąt <br>siedemdziesiąt <br>osiemdziesiąt <br>dziewiecdziesiąt <br>sto <br>dwieście <br>trzysta <br>czterysta <br>pięćset <br>sześćset <br>siedemset <br>osiemset <br>dziewięćset <br>tysiąc  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  jeden, jedna <br>dwa <br>trzy <br>cztery <br>pięć <br>sześć <br>siedem <br>osiem <br>dziewięć <br>dziesięć <br>jedenaście <br>dwanaście <br>trzynaście <br>czternaście <br>piętnaście <br>szesnaście <br>siedemnaście <br>osiemnaście <br>dziewiętnaście <br>dwadzieścia <br>dwadzieścia jeden <br>dwadzieścia dwa <br>dwadzieścia trzy <br>dwadzieścia cztery <br>dwadzieścia pięć <br>dwadzieścia sześć<br>dwadzieścia siedem <br>dwadzieścia osiem <br>dwadzieścia dziewięć<br>trzydzieści <br>czterdzieści <br>pięćdziesiąt <br>sześć dziesiąt <br>siedemdziesiąt <br>osiemdziesiąt <br>dziewiecdziesiąt <br>sto <br>dwieście <br>trzysta <br>czterysta <br>pięćset <br>sześćset <br>siedemset <br>osiemset <br>dziewięćset <br>tysiąc  
| 1st <br>2nd <br>3rd <br>4th <br>5th <br>6th <br>7th <br>8th <br>9th <br>10th <br>11th <br>12th <br>13th <br>14th <br>15th <br>16th <br>17th <br>18th <br>19th <br>20th <br>21st <br>22nd <br>23rd <br>24th <br>25th <br>26th <br>27th <br>28th <br>29th <br>30th <br>40th <br>50th <br>60th <br>70th <br>80th <br>90th <br>100th <br>200th <br>300th <br>400th <br>500th <br>600th <br>700th <br>800th <br>900th <br>1000th  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  1st <br>2nd <br>3rd <br>4th <br>5th <br>6th <br>7th <br>8th <br>9th <br>10th <br>11th <br>12th <br>13th <br>14th <br>15th <br>16th <br>17th <br>18th <br>19th <br>20th <br>21st <br>22nd <br>23rd <br>24th <br>25th <br>26th <br>27th <br>28th <br>29th <br>30th <br>40th <br>50th <br>60th <br>70th <br>80th <br>90th <br>100th <br>200th <br>300th <br>400th <br>500th <br>600th <br>700th <br>800th <br>900th <br>1000th  
| pierwszy <br>drugi <br>trzeci <br>czwarty <br>piąty <br>szósty <br>siódmy <br>ósmy <br>dziewiąty <br>dziesiąty <br>jedenasty <br>dwunasty <br>trzynasty <br>czternasty <br>piętnasty <br>szesnasty <br>siedemnasty <br>osiemnasty <br>dziewiętnasty <br>dwudziesty, dwódziesty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty piąty <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty dziewiąty <br>trzydziesty <br>czterdziesty <br>pięćdziesiąty <br>sześćdziesiąty <br>siedemdziesiąty <br>osiemdziesiąty <br>dziewięćdziesiąty <br>setny <br>dwóchsetny <br>trzysetny, trzechsetny <br>czterysetny, czterechsetny <br>pięćsetny <br>sześćsetny <br>siedemsetny <br>osiemsetny <br>dziewięćsetny <br>tysięczny
|style="vertical-align:top"|  pierwszy <br>drugi <br>trzeci <br>czwarty <br>piąty <br>szósty <br>siódmy <br>ósmy <br>dziewiąty <br>dziesiąty <br>jedenasty <br>dwunasty <br>trzynasty <br>czternasty <br>piętnasty <br>szesnasty <br>siedemnasty <br>osiemnasty <br>dziewiętnasty <br>dwudziesty, dwódziesty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty piąty <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty dziewiąty <br>trzydziesty <br>czterdziesty <br>pięćdziesiąty <br>sześćdziesiąty <br>siedemdziesiąty <br>osiemdziesiąty <br>dziewięćdziesiąty <br>setny <br>dwóchsetny <br>trzysetny, trzechsetny <br>czterysetny, czterechsetny <br>pięćsetny <br>sześćsetny <br>siedemsetny <br>osiemsetny <br>dziewięćsetny <br>tysięczny  
|style="vertical-align:top"|  pierwszego <br> drugiego<br> trzeciego<br> czwartego<br> piątego<br> szóstego<br> siódmego<br> ósmego<br> dziewiątego<br> dziesiątego<br> jedenastego<br> dwunastego<br> trzynastego<br> czternastego<br> piętnastego<br> szesnastego<br> siedemnastego<br> osiemnastego<br> dziewiętnastego<br> dwudziestego, dwódziestego<br> dwudziestego pierwszego<br> dwudziestego drugiego<br> dwudziestego trzeciego<br> dwudziestego czwartego<br> dwudziestego piątego<br> dwudziestego szóstego<br> dwudziestego siódmego<br> dwudziestego ósmego<br> dwudziestego dziewiątego<br> trzydziestego<br> czterdziestego<br> pięćdziesiątego<br> sześćdziesiątego<br> siedemdziesiątego<br> osiemdziesiątego<br> dziewięćdziesiątego<br> setnego<br> dwóchsetnego<br> trzysetnego, trzechsetnego<br> czterysetnego, czterechsetnego<br> pięćsetnego<br> sześćsetnego<br> siedemsetnego<br> osiemsetnego<br> dziewięćsetnego<br> tysięcznego
|}
|}


=== Dates and Time&nbsp;  ===
== Dates and Time ==


In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:  
In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:  
Line 236: Line 308:
To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.  
To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.  


'''Months'''
===Months===


Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''.  
Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''. When dates are written out, months are in the genitive case.


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%"
{| width="40%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
|  
|  
| '''English'''  
| '''English'''  
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish (genitive case)'''
|-
|-
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>pażdziernika <br>listopada <br>grudnia
| styczeń <br> luty <br> marzec <br> kwiecień <br> maj <br> czerwiec <br> lipiec <br> sierpień <br> wrzesień <br> październik <br> listopad <br> grudzień
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>października <br>listopada <br>grudnia
|}
|}


<br>'''Days of the Week'''
===Days of the Week===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="30%"
{| width="30%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| '''English '''<br>Sunday <br>Monday <br>Tuesday <br>Wednesday <br>Thursday <br>Friday <br>Saturday  
| '''English '''<br>Sunday <br>Monday <br>Tuesday <br>Wednesday <br>Thursday <br>Friday <br>Saturday  
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|}
|}


<br>'''Times of the Day'''
===Times of the Day===


Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.  
Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.  


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="40%"
{| width="302" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" height="181" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| '''Polish '''<br>o godzinie drugiej <br>o godzinie siódmej <br>w nocy <br>południe/w południe <br>popołudniu/z południa <br>przed południem<br>północna godzina <br>rano/z rana <br>wieczorem/w wieczór
| '''Polish '''<br>rano/z rana <br> przed południem<br> południe/w południe <br> popołudniu/z południa <br> o godzinie drugiej <br> o godzinie siódmej <br> wieczorem/w wieczór <br> w nocy <br> północna godzina <br>
| '''English <br>'''at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>at night <br>noon <br>afternoon <br>forenoon <br>midnight <br>in the morning <br>in the evening&nbsp;
| '''English '''<br>in the morning <br> forenoon <br> noon <br>afternoon <br> at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>in the evening <br> at night <br> midnight  <br>
|}
|}
<br>
<br>


== General Word List  ==
== General Word List  ==


This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources.&nbsp; Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  


In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses.&nbsp; Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase.&nbsp; Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  
In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  


{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
|-
|-
| align="center" | '''Click&nbsp;the&nbsp;letter&nbsp;below&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;words&nbsp;starting&nbsp;with&nbsp;that&nbsp;letter.'''
| align="center" | '''Click the letter below to get to the words starting with that letter.'''
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}


|}
|}
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=== A  ===
=== A  ===


{| border="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| aby  
| aby  
Line 305: Line 378:
| non-Catholic
| non-Catholic
|-
|-
| akta małżenstw,<br>akta ślubów  
| akta małżenstw, akta ślubów  
| marriage records
| marriage records
|-
|-
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== B  ===
=== B  ===


{| border="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" | '''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
| '''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
|-
| babka  
| babka  
| grandmother&nbsp;
| grandmother  
|-
|-
| bakalarz  
| bakalarz  
Line 386: Line 459:
| bezimienny  
| bezimienny  
| unnamed, nameless
| unnamed, nameless
|-
| bezżenny
| unmarried
|-
|-
| białoruski  
| białoruski  
Line 399: Line 475:
| confirmation
| confirmation
|-
|-
| bieżący<br>roku biezacego
| bieżący<br>roku bieżącego
| current<br>of the current year
| current<br>of the current year
|-
|-
| biskup  
| biskup  
| bishop&nbsp;
| bishop  
|-
|-
| blacharz  
| blacharz  
Line 475: Line 551:
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  


<h3> &#160;C  </h3>
=== C  ===
<table border="1" width="100%">


<tr>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
<td width="25%"> <b>Polish</b>
|-
</td>
!'''Polish'''
<td> <b>English</b>
!'''English'''
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| cały  
<td> cały
| entire
</td>
|-
<td> entire
| ceglarz  
</td></tr>
| brick maker
<tr>
|-
<td> ceglarz
| cesarski  
</td>
| imperial
<td> brick maker
|-
</td></tr>
| cesarstwo  
<tr>
| empire
<td> cesarski
|-
</td>
| chałupnik,<br>chałupnikow  
<td> imperial
| cottager, poor peasant, serf, <br>of serfs
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| chce  
<td> cesarstwo
| he wants
</td>
|-
<td> empire
| chłop  
</td></tr>
| peasant, country fellow
<tr>
|-
<td> chałupnik,<br>chałupnikow
| chłopiec  
</td>
| boy
<td> cottager, poor peasant, serf, <br>of serfs
|-
</td></tr>
| choroba  
<tr>
| disease
<td> chce
|-
</td>
| chrzczony  
<td> he wants
| christened
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| chrzest  
<td> chłop
| christening
</td>
|-
<td> peasant, country fellow
| chrzestna, chrzestny  
</td></tr>
| godparent(s)
<tr>
|-
<td> chłopiec
| chwilowo  
</td>
| temporarily
<td> boy
|-
</td></tr>
| ciocia (ciotka)  
<tr>
| aunt
<td> choroba
|-
</td>
| cmentarz  
<td> disease
| cemetery, churchyard
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| co  
<td> chrzczony
| what
</td>
|-
<td> christened
| córka  
</td></tr>
| daughter
<tr>
|-
<td> chrzest
| cudzoziemski  
</td>
| foreign
<td> christening
|-
</td></tr>
| cukrzyca  
<tr>
| diabetes
<td> chrzestna, chrzestny
|-
</td>
| cyrkul  
<td> godparent(s)
| district (of a city), ward
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| cyrulnik  
<td> chwilowo
| barber-surgeon
</td>
|-
<td> temporarily
| czarny  
</td></tr>
| black
<tr>
|-
<td> ciocia (ciotka)
| czas  
</td>
| time
<td> aunt
|-
</td></tr>
| czasopismo  
<tr>
| magazine, periodical
<td> cmentarz
|-
</td>
| czasowo  
<td> cemetery, churchyard
| temporarily
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| czemu  
<td> co
| why
</td>
|-
<td> what
| czerwca  
</td></tr>
| of June
<tr>
|-
<td> córka
| czerwony  
</td>
| red
<td> daughter
|-
</td></tr>
| część  
<tr>
| part, portion
<td> cudzoziemski
|-
</td>
| czeski  
<td> foreign
| Czech
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| często  
<td> cukrzyca
| often
</td>
|-
<td> diabetes
| członek  
</td></tr>
| member
<tr>
|-
<td> cyrkul
| czterdzieści  
</td>
| forty
<td> district (of a city), ward
|-
</td></tr>
| czterdziesty  
<tr>
| fortieth
<td> cyrulnik
|-
</td>
| czterechsetny  
<td> barber-surgeon
| four hundredth
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| czternaście  
<td> czarny
| fourteen
</td>
|-
<td> black
| czternasty  
</td></tr>
| fourteenth
<tr>
|-
<td> czas
| cztery  
</td>
| four
<td> time
|-
</td></tr>
| czterysetny  
<tr>
| four hundredth
<td> czasopismo
|-
</td>
| czterysta  
<td> magazine, periodical
| four hundred
</td></tr>
|-
<tr>
| czwartek  
<td> czasowo
| Thursday
</td>
|-
<td> temporarily
| czwarty  
</td></tr>
| fourth
<tr>
|-
<td> czemu
| czy  
</td>
| whether (introduces a question)
<td> why
|-
</td></tr>
| czyli  
<tr>
| or
<td> czerwca
|-
</td>
| czynszownik  
<td> of June
| renter
</td></tr>
|}
<tr>
 
<td> czerwony
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}
</td>
<td> red
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> część
</td>
<td> part, portion
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czeski
</td>
<td> Czech
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> często
</td>
<td> often
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> członek
</td>
<td> member
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czterdzieści
</td>
<td> forty
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czterdziesty
</td>
<td> fortieth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czterechsetny
</td>
<td> four hundredth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czternaście
</td>
<td> fourteen
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czternasty
</td>
<td> fourteenth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> cztery
</td>
<td> four
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czterysetny
</td>
<td> four hundredth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czterysta
</td>
<td> four hundred
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czwartek
</td>
<td> Thursday
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czwarty
</td>
<td> fourth
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czy
</td>
<td> whether (introduces a question)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czyli
</td>
<td> or
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> czynszownik
</td>
<td> renter
</td></tr></table>
<p><span class="fck_mw_template">{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}</span>
</p>


=== D  ===
=== D  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="75%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| data
| date
|-
| dawniej
| formerly
|-
| dekanat
| deanery, division of a diocese
|-
| diecezja
| diocese
|-
| difteria
| diphtheria
|-
| dla
| for
|-
| długi
| long
|-
| dnia
| on the day
|-
| doba
| time period of 24 hours
|-
|-
| data <br>dawniej <br>dekanat <br>diecezja <br>difteria <br>dla&nbsp;<br>długi <br>dnia <br>doba <br>dobra <br>dobry <br>dodatek <br>dolina <br>dom <br>&nbsp; [z domu]&nbsp;<br>datąd&nbsp; <br>dowód <br>drobny <br>drugi <br>drugiego <br>drzewo genealogiczne&nbsp;<br>duży&nbsp; <br>dwa&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia dziewięć&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia cztery&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia dwa&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia jeden&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia osiem&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia&nbsp;pięć&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia siedem&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia&nbsp;sześć&nbsp;<br>dwadzieścia trzy&nbsp;<br>dwanaście&nbsp;<br>dwieście <br>dwóch imion&nbsp;<br>dwódziesty <br>dwór <br>dwudziesty <br>dwudziesty czwarty <br>dwudziesty drugi <br>dwudziesty ósmy <br>dwudziesty&nbsp;piąty <br>dwudziesty pierwszy <br>dwudziesty siódmy <br>dwudziesty szósty <br>dwudziesty trzeci <br>dwunasty <br>dwusetny (dwóchsetny) <br>dyarya <br>dziad (dziadek)&nbsp;<br>dział&nbsp;<br>dzieciątko&nbsp;<br>dziecię (dziecko) <br>dziedzic <br>dziedzictwo <br>dziedzieczenie&nbsp;<br>dzień&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>dziesiąty&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>dziesięć&nbsp;<br>dziewczę (dziewczyna)&nbsp;<br>dziewiąty<br>dziewię dziewiąty&nbsp;<br>dziewięć&nbsp;<br>dziewięćdziesiąt(y)&nbsp;<br>dziewięćset(ny)&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>dziewiętnaście&nbsp;<br>dziewiętnasty&nbsp;<br>dziś (dzisiaj) <br>dzisiejszy
| dobra  
| date <br>formerly <br>deanery, division of a diocese <br>diocese <br>diphtheria <br>for <br>long <br>on the day <br>time period of 24 hours <br>estate <br>good <br>supplement, addition <br>valley <br>house <br>&nbsp; [maiden name, from the house of] <br>until now, still <br>proof <br>minor, small <br>second <br>on the second <br>family tree <br>great, big <br>two <br>twenty <br>twenty-nine <br>twenty-four <br>twenty-two <br>twenty-one <br>twenty-eight <br>twenty-five <br>twenty-seven <br>twenty-six <br>twenty-three <br>twelve <br>two hundred <br>having two given names <br>twentieth <br>estate <br>twentieth <br>twenty-fourth <br>twenty-second <br>twenty-eighth <br>twenty-fifth <br>twenty-first <br>twenty-seventh <br>twenty-sixth <br>twenty-third <br>twelfth <br>two hundredth <br>diarrhea <br>grandfather, old man, beggar <br>portion, share <br>infant <br>child <br>heir, country gentleman <br>heritage, inheritance <br>inheritance <br>day <br>tenth <br>ten <br>girl <br>ninth <br>twenty-ninth <br>nine <br>ninety (ninetieth) <br>nine hundred(th) <br>nineteen <br>nineteenth <br>today <br>today's
| estate
|-
| dobry  
| good
|-
| dodatek  
| supplement, addition
|-
| dolina  
| valley
|-
| dom <br> [z domu]  
| house <br> [maiden name, from the house of]
|-
| datąd
| until now, still
|-
| dowód
| proof
|-
| drobny
| minor, small
|-
| drugi
| second
|-
| drugiego
| on the second
|-
| drzewo genealogiczne
| family tree
|-
| duży
| great, big
|-
| dwa
| two
|-
| dwadzieścia
| twenty
|-
| dwadzieścia dziewięć
| twenty-nine
|-
| dwadzieścia cztery
| twenty-four
|-
| dwadzieścia dwa
| twenty-two
|-
| dwadzieścia jeden
| twenty-one
|-
| dwadzieścia osiem
| twenty-eight
|-
| dwadzieścia pięć
| twenty-five
|-
| dwadzieścia siedem
| twenty-seven
|-
| dwadzieścia sześć
| twenty-six
|-
| dwadzieścia trzy
| twenty-three
|-
| dwanaście
| twelve
|-
| dwieście
| two hundred
|-
| dwóch imion
| having two given names
|-
| dwódziesty
| twentieth
|-
| dwór
| estate
|-
| dwudziesty
| twentieth
|-
| dwudziesty czwarty
| twenty-fourth
|-
| dwudziesty drugi
| twenty-second
|-
| dwudziesty ósmy
| twenty-eighth
|-
| dwudziesty piąty
| twenty-fifth
|-
| dwudziesty pierwszy
| twenty-first
|-
| dwudziesty siódmy
| twenty-seventh
|-
| dwudziesty szósty
| twenty-sixth
|-
| dwudziesty trzeci
| twenty-third
|-
| dwunasty
| twelfth
|-
| dwusetny (dwóchsetny)
| two hundredth
|-
| dyarya
| diarrhea
|-
| dziad (dziadek)
| grandfather, old man, beggar
|-
| Dziad kościelny
| Church grandfather, church servant, watchman, minister
|-
| dział
| portion, share
|-
| dzieciątko
| infant
|-
| dzieci<br>dziecię (dziecko) 
| children<br>child
|-
| dziedzic
| heir, country gentleman
|-
| dziedzictwo
| heritage, inheritance
|-
| dziedzieczenie
| inheritance
|-
| dzień
| day
|-
| dziesiąty
| tenth
|-
| dziesięć
| ten
|-
| dziewczę (dziewczyna)
| girl
|-
| dziewiąty
| ninth
|-
| dziewię dziewiąty
| twenty-ninth
|-
| dziewięć
| nine
|-
| dziewięćdziesiąt(y)
| ninety (ninetieth)
|-
| dziewięćset(ny)
| nine hundred(th)
|-
| dziewiętnaście
| nineteen
|-
| dziewiętnasty
| nineteenth
|-
| dziś (dzisiaj)
| today
|-
| dzisiejszy
| today's
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== E  ===
=== E  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| emigracja <br>ewangelicki  
!'''Polish'''
| emigration <br>Evangelical, Lutheran
!'''English'''
|-
| emigracja  
| emigration
|-
| ewangelicki  
| Evangelical, Lutheran
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== F  ===
=== F  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| familia
| family
|-
| farbiarz
| dyer
|-
| febra
| fever
|-
| felczer
| medical assistant
|-
| folwark
| manor farm
|-
| fornal
| farm wagon driver
|-
|-
| familia <br>farbiarz <br>febra <br>felczer <br>folwark <br>fornal <br>fryzjer  
| fryzjer  
| family <br>dyer <br>fever <br>medical assistant <br>manor farm <br>farm wagon driver <br>barber
| barber
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== G  ===
=== G  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| gajowy
| gamekeeper, forester
|-
| garbarz
| tanner
|-
| gdy
| when
|-
| gdzie
| where
|-
| glisty
| intestinal worms
|-
| glówny
| main
|-
| gmina
| township, community
|-
| godny
| worthy
|-
|-
| garbarz <br>gdy <br>gdzie <br>glisty <br>glówny <br>gmina <br>godny <br>godzina <br>golarz <br>góra <br>gorączka <br>górny <br>gorzelnia <br>gospodarz <br>granica <br>grecko-katolicki <br>gromada <br>grudnia <br>grunt <br>gubernia
| godzina  
| tanner <br>when <br>where <br>intestinal worms <br>main <br>township, community <br>worthy <br>hour <br>barber <br>mountain, hill <br>fever <br>upper <br>distillery <br>farmer (self-sustaining) <br>border <br>Greek-Catholic, Uniate (Greek rite, but under a Roman Pope) <br>group, cluster, hamlet, community <br>of December <br>land, property <br>Russian province
| hour
|-
| golarz  
| barber
|-
| góra  
| mountain, hill
|-
| gorączka
| fever
|-
| górny
| upper
|-
| gorzelnia
| distillery
|-
| gospodarz
| farmer (self-sustaining)
|-
| granica
| border
|-
| grecko-katolicki
| Greek-Catholic, Uniate (Greek rite, but under a Roman Pope)
|-
| gromada
| group, cluster, hamlet, community
|-
| grudnia
| of December
|-
| grunt
| land, property
|-
| gubernia
| Russian province
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== H  ===
=== H  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| handlarz
| peddler, merchant
|-
|-
| handlarz <br>herb <br>historia
| herb  
| peddler, merchant <br>coat of arms <br>history
| coat of arms
|-
| historia
| history
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== I  ===
=== I  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| i
| and
|-
| ich
| their
|-
| imię (imiona)
| given name(s)
|-
| imigracja
| immigration
|-
| inaczej
| otherwise, alias
|-
| inny
| other
|-
| itd.
| and so forth
|-
| iż
| that (know that he died)
|-
|-
| i <br>ich <br>imię (imiona) <br>imigracja <br>inaczej <br>inny <br>itd. <br>iż<br>izraelici  
| izraelici  
| and <br>their <br>given name(s) <br>immigration <br>otherwise, alias <br>other <br>and so forth <br>that (know that he died) <br>Jews
| Jews
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== J  ===
=== J  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| jak <br>jak duzo <br>jaki <br>jeden <br>jedenaście <br>jedenasty <br>jedna <br>jednak <br>jego <br>jej <br>jest <br>jesteście <br>jesteśmy <br>jeszcze <br>jezioro <br>język <br>jutro <br>już
!'''Polish'''
| how, as <br>as much <br>what kind of <br>one <br>eleven <br>eleventh <br>one <br>but <br>his <br>her <br>is <br>you are <br>we are <br>still, yet <br>lake <br>language <br>morning, tomorrow <br>already
!'''English'''
|-
| jak  
| how, as
|-
| jak duzo
| as much
|-
| jaki
| what kind of
|-
| jeden
| one
|-
| jedenaście
| eleven
|-
| jedenasty
| eleventh
|-
| jedna
| one
|-
| jednak
| but
|-
| jego
| his
|-
| jej
| her
|-
| jest
| is
|-
| jesteście
| you are
|-
| jesteśmy
| we are
|-
| jeszcze
| still, yet
|-
| jezioro
| lake
|-
| język
| language
|-
| jutro
| morning, tomorrow
|-
| już
| already
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== K  ===
=== K  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| karczmarz
| innkeeper
|-
| karta
| page
|-
| kaszel
| cough
|-
| katolicki
| Catholic
|-
| kawaler
| bachelor
|-
| każdy
| each, every
|-
| kiedy
| when
|-
| kilometr
| kilometer
|-
| kobieta
| woman, wife
|-
| kogo
| whom
|-
| kolek
| convulsions
|-
| kolki
| colic
|-
| kolonista
| colonist, settler
|-
| koło
| near, close to, next to, by
|-
| kominiarz
| chimney sweep
|-
| komornik
| tenant, poor peasant
|-
| końcowy
| final, last
|-
| konfirmacja
| confirmation
|-
| koniec
| end
|-
| konsumpcja ciała
| consumption, tuberculosis
|-
| konto
| account
|-
| konwulsje
| convulsions
|-
| korcarz
| grain merchant
|-
| kościół
| church
|-
| kowal
| smith
|-
| kraj
| region, area, country
|-
| krajowy
| local
|-
| kramarz
| stall keeper, merchant
|-
| krawiec
| tailor
|-
| krewny
| blood-relative
|-
| król
| king
|-
| królestwo
| kingdom
|-
|-
| karta <br>kaszel <br>katolicki <br>kawaler <br>każdy <br>kiedy <br>kilometr <br>kobieta <br>kogo <br>kolek <br>kolki <br>koło <br>kolonista <br>komornik <br>końcowy <br>konfirmacja <br>koniec <br>konsumpcja ciała <br>konto <br>konwulsje <br>korcarz <br>kościół <br>kowal <br>kraj <br>krajowy <br>kramarz <br>krawiec <br>krewny <br>król <br>królestwo <br>królewski <br>krolowa <br>krwotek <br>ksiądz <br>księga <br>księstwo <br>kto <br>który <br>kum <br>kuma <br>kunszt <br>kupiec <br>kupił <br>kuzyn <br>kuzynka <br>kwartał <br>kwietnia
| królewski  
| page <br>cough <br>Catholic <br>bachelor <br>each, every <br>when <br>kilometer <br>woman, wife <br>whom <br>of cramps <br>colic <br>around, near, by <br>colonist, settler <br>tenant, poor peasant <br>final, last <br>confirmation <br>end <br>consumption, tuberculosis <br>account <br>convulsions <br>grain merchant <br>church <br>smith <br>region, area, country <br>local <br>stall keeper, merchant <br>tailor <br>blood-relative <br>king <br>kingdom <br>royal <br>queen <br>bleeding, hemorrhage <br>priest <br>book <br>principality, duchy <br>who <br>which, who <br>godfather <br>godmother <br>trade, occupation <br>shopkeeper, merchant <br>he bought <br>cousin (male) <br>cousin (female) <br>quarter (of a year or city) <br>of April
| royal
|-
| krolowa  
| queen
|-
| krwotek  
| bleeding, hemorrhage
|-
| ksiądz
| priest  
|-
| księga
| book  
|-
| księstwo
| principality, duchy
|-
| kto
| who  
|-
| który
| which, who
|-
| kum
| godfather  
|-
| kuma
| godmother  
|-
| kunszt
| trade, occupation
|-
| kupiec
| shopkeeper, merchant
|-
| kupił
| he bought  
|-
| kuzyn
| cousin (male)
|-
| kuzynka
| cousin (female)
|-
| kwartał
| quarter (of a year or city)
|-
| kwietnia
| of April
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== L  ===
=== L  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| łacisński
| Latin
|-
| las
| forest, woods
|-
| lata
| years
|-
| lecz
| but
|-
| lesnik
| forester
|-
| lewy
| left
|-
| liczący
| counting
|-
| [lat ... liczący]
| [... years old]
|-
| linia
| line, lineage
|-
| lipca
| of July
|-
| listopada
| of November
|-
| litewski
| Lithuanian
|-
| łotewski
| Latvian
|-
| łoże
| status of legitimacy, bed
|-
| [nieprawego loza]
| [illegitimate]
|-
| lub
| or
|-
| lud
| people
|-
| ludność
| population
|-
|-
| łacisński <br>las <br>lata <br>lecz <br>lesnik <br>lewy <br>liczący <br>[lat ... liczący] <br>linia <br>lipca <br>listopada <br>litewski <br>łotewski <br>łoże <br>[nieprawego loza] <br>lub <br>lud <br>ludność <br>lutego  
| lutego  
| Latin <br>forest, woods <br>years <br>but <br>forester <br>left <br>counting <br>[... years old] <br>line, lineage <br>of July <br>of November <br>Lithuanian <br>Latvian <br>status of legitimacy, bed <br>[illegitimate] <br>or <br>people <br>population <br>of February
| of February
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== M  ===
=== M  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="75%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| ma
| has
|-
| macocha
| stepmother
|-
| mączarz
| miller
|-
| madziarski
| Hungarian
|-
| maja
| of May
|-
| mają
| they have
|-
| mający
| having
|-
| [lat ... mający]
| [... years old]
|-
| majątek
| property
|-
| majętny
| wealthy, property-owning
|-
| majster
| master craftsman
|-
| malarz
| painter
|-
| małoletni
| not of legal age
|-
| mały
| small, little
|-
| małżenstwo
| marriage
|-
| małżonek
| husband
|-
| małżonka
| wife
|-
| małżonków
| of the married couple
|-
| [małżonków Kowalskich]
|[ the Kowalski married couple]
|-
| mapa
| map
|-
| marca
| of March
|-
| martwo urodzony
| stillborn
|-
| matka
| mother
|-
| mąż
| husband, man
|-
| menonici
| Mennonites
|-
| męski
| male
|-
| metryka
| certificate, record
|-
| męża
| of the husband
|-
| miał
| he had
|-
| miano
| name
|-
| mianowicie
| that means, namely
|-
| miasteczko
| small town
|-
| miasto
| city
|-
| mieć
| to have
|-
| między
| between
|-
| miejsce
| place, locality
|-
| miejscowość
| locality
|-
| mieście
| town
|-
| miesiąc
| month
|-
| mieszkający
| residing
|-
| mieszkanie
| residence
|-
| mieszkaniec
| inhabitant, resident, citizen
|-
| mleczarz
| dairyman
|-
| młodszy
| younger
|-
| młody
| young
|-
| [pan młody]
| [bridegroom]
|-
| [panna młoda]
| [bride]
|-
| mlodzian (młodziniec)
| young man
|-
| młyn
| mill
|-
| młynarz
| miller
|-
| mniejszy
| lesser, smaller, shorter
|-
| modlitwa
| prayer
|-
| [dom modlitwy]
| [house of prayer, synagogue]
|-
| mojzeszowy; mojżeszowe
| Jewish
|-
| mórg
| morg (1.2 acres)
|-
| most
| bridge
|-
| może
| maybe
|-
| mumoze
| to him
|-
|-
| ma <br>macocha <br>mączarz <br>madziarski <br>maja <br>mają<br>mający <br>[lat ... mający] <br>majątek <br>majętny <br>majster <br>malarz <br>małoletni <br>mały <br>małżenstwo <br>małżonek <br>małżonka <br>małżonków <br>[małżonków Kowalskich] <br>mapa <br>marca <br>martwo urodzony <br>matka <br>mąż <br>menonici <br>męski <br>metryka <br>męża <br>miał <br>miano <br>mianowicie <br>miasteczko <br>miasto <br>mieć<br>między <br>miejsce <br>miejscowość <br>mieście <br>miesiąc <br>mieszkający <br>mieszkanie <br>mieszkaniec <br>mleczarz <br>młodszy <br>młody<br>[pan młody] <br>[panna młoda] <br>mlodzian (młodziniec) <br>młyn <br>młynarz <br>mniejszy <br>modlitwa <br>[dom modlitwy] <br>mojzeszowy <br>mórg <br>most <br>może<br>mumoze <br>mularz, murarz <br>mylnie <br>myś liwy  
| mularz, murarz
| mason (bricklayer)
|-
| mylnie
| mistakenly, erroneously
|-
| myś liwy
| hunter
|}


| has <br>stepmother <br>miller <br>Hungarian <br>of May <br>they have <br>having <br>[... years old] <br>property <br>wealthy, property-owning <br>master craftsman <br>painter <br>not of legal age <br>small, little <br>marriage <br>husband <br>wife <br>of the married couple <br>[the Kowalski married couple] <br>map <br>of March <br>stillborn <br>mother <br>husband, man <br>Mennonites <br>male <br>certificate, record <br>of the husband <br>he had <br>name <br>that means, namely <br>small town <br>city <br>to have <br>between <br>place, locality <br>locality <br>town <br>month <br>residing <br>residence <br>inhabitant, resident, citizen <br>dairyman <br>younger <br>young <br>[bridegroom] <br>[bride] <br>young man <br>mill <br>miller <br>lesser, smaller, shorter <br>prayer <br>[house of prayer, synagogue] <br>Jewish <br>morg (1.2 acres) <br>bridge <br>maybe <br>to him <br>mason (bricklayer) <br>mistakenly, erroneously <br>hunter
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}
|}


=== N  ===
=== N  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| na
| on, at, around
|-
| nad
| above, upon
|-
| nadać
| to give
|-
| nadane
| was given
|-
| najemnik
| day laborer
|-
| najmlodszy
| youngest
|-
| najstarszy
| oldest, eldest
|-
| należał
| belonged to
|-
| należy
| belongs
|-
| nam
| to us
|-
| naocznie
| by eyewitness
|-
| naoczny świadek
| eyewitness
|-
| naprzód
| in front of
|-
| narodzony
| born
|-
| narzeczona
| betrothed, bride
|-
| narzeczony
| betrothed, groom
|-
| nas
| us
|-
| następny
| next
|-
| nasz
| our
|-
| na teraz
| temporarily
|-
| naturalny
| illegitimate
|-
| natychmiast
| immediately
|-
| nauczyciel
| schoolteacher, teacher
|-
| nawiązanie
| reference
|-
| nazwana
| named
|-
| nazwisko
| surname
|-
| nerwowa gorączka
| typhoid fever
|-
| nic
| nothing
|-
| nich
| them
|-
| nie
| not, no
|-
| niedaleko
| not far from
|-
| niedziela
| Sunday, week
|-
| niegdy (niegdyś)
| deceased, former, the late
|-
| niemiecki
| German
|-
| niemowlę
| infant
|-
| niepiełnoletni
| not of legal age, minor
|-
| nieprawy
| illegitimate
|-
| nieślubny
| unmarried, illegitimate
|-
| nie teraz
| not yet
|-
| niewiadomy
| unknown
|-
| niezamężna
| unmarried woman
|-
| nieznajomy
| unknown
|-
| nieżonaty
| unmarried man
|-
| nieżyący
| deceased, not living
|-
| nigdy
| never
|-
| nim
| him
|-
| niniejszy
| this, the present
|-
| niski
| low, short
|-
| niższy
| lower
|-
|-
| na <br>nad <br>nadać <br>nadane <br>najemnik <br>najmlodszy <br>najstarszy <br>należał<br>należy <br>nam <br>naocznie <br>naoczny świadek <br>naprzód <br>narodzony <br>narzeczona <br>narzeczony <br>nas <br>następny <br>nasz <br>na teraz <br>naturalny <br>natychmiast <br>nauczyciel <br>nawiązanie <br>nazwana <br>nazwisko <br>nerwowa gorączka <br>nic <br>nich <br>nie <br>niedaleko <br>niedziela <br>niegdy (niegdyś) <br>niemiecki <br>niemowlę<br>niepiełnoletni <br>nieprawy <br>nieślubny <br>nie teraz <br>niewiadomy <br>niezamężna <br>nieznajomy <br>nieżonaty <br>nieżyący <br>nigdy <br>nim <br>niniejszy <br>niski <br>niższy <br>noc <br>nowozaśubiona <br>nowozaślubiony <br>nowożeńcy <br>nowy <br>numer
| noc  
| on, at, around <br>above, upon <br>to give <br>was given <br>day laborer <br>youngest <br>oldest, eldest <br>belonged to <br>belongs <br>to us <br>by eyewitness <br>eyewitness <br>in front of <br>born <br>betrothed, bride <br>betrothed, groom <br>us <br>next <br>our <br>temporarily <br>illegitimate <br>immediately <br>schoolteacher, teacher <br>reference <br>named <br>surname <br>typhoid fever <br>nothing <br>them <br>not, no <br>not far from <br>Sunday, week <br>deceased, former, the late <br>German <br>infant <br>not of legal age, minor <br>illegitimate <br>unmarried, illegitimate <br>not yet <br>unknown <br>unmarried woman <br>unknown <br>unmarried man <br>deceased, not living <br>never <br>him <br>this, the present <br>low, short <br>lower <br>night <br>newlywed bride <br>newlywed groom <br>newlyweds <br>new <br>number
| night
|-
| nowozaśubiona  
| newlywed bride  
|-
| nowozaślubiony
| newlywed groom  
|-
| nowożeńcy
| newlyweds  
|-
| nowy
| new  
|-
| numer
| number
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== O  ===
=== O  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| o
| about, concerning
|-
| ob.
| see
|-
| obecność
| presence
|-
| oberżysta
| tavern keeper
|-
| obrzęd
| rite, ceremony
|-
| obrzezanie
| circumcision
|-
| obszar
| area
|-
| obydwaj
| both
|-
| obywatel
| inhabitant, citizen
|-
| ochrzczony
| christened, baptized
|-
| od
| from, since
|-
| odbyty
| performed
|-
| odmienny
| various
|-
| odpowiadać
| to reply
|-
| odra
| measles
|-
| odwrócenie
| conversion
|-
| oglasał
| announced, published
|-
| ogrodnik
| poor peasant, crofter, gardener
|-
| ojciec
| father
|-
| ojczym
| stepfather
|-
|-
| o <br>ob. <br>obecność <br>oberżysta <br>obrzęd <br>obrzezanie <br>obszar <br>obydwaj <br>obywatel <br>ochrzczony <br>od <br>odbyty <br>odmienny <br>odpowiadać<br>odra <br>odwrócenie <br>oglasał <br>ogrodnik <br>ojciec <br>ojczym <br>okazał <br>około <br>okręg <br>okupnik <br>olejów <br>on <br>ona <br>onegdajszy <br>oni <br>opatrzony <br>opiekun <br>opis <br>opłata <br>opuchlizna <br>oraz <br>osada <br>osiadły <br>osiem <br>osiemdziesiąt(y) <br>osiemnaście <br>osiemnasty <br>osiemset(ny) <br>osłabienie <br>ósmy <br>osoba <br>ospa <br>ostatni <br>oświadczenie <br>oświadczył&nbsp; <br>otrzymał <br>owdowiałla <br>owdowiały <br>ozenił sie <br>ożeniony
| okazał  
| about, concerning <br>see <br>presence <br>tavern keeper <br>rite, ceremony <br>circumcision <br>area <br>both <br>inhabitant, citizen <br>christened, baptized <br>from, since <br>performed <br>various <br>to reply <br>measles <br>conversion <br>announced, published <br>poor peasant, crofter, gardener <br>father <br>stepfather <br>showed <br>about, around <br>precinct, district <br>local resident <br>of oil <br>he <br>she <br>day before yesterday <br>they <br>provided <br>guardian <br>description <br>fee, cost <br>dropsy, edema, swelling <br>and, also <br>large settlement <br>settled (at), residing (at) <br>eight <br>eighty (eightieth) <br>eighteen <br>eighteenth <br>eight hundred(th) <br>weakness <br>eighth <br>person <br>of smallpox <br>last, recent <br>statement <br>declared, testified <br>received <br>widowed <br>widowered <br>married a wife <br>married
| showed
|-
| około  
| about, around  
|-
| okręg
| precinct, district  
|-
| okupnik
| local resident  
|-
| olejów
| of oil  
|-
| on
| he  
|-
| ona
| she  
|-
| onegdajszy
| day before yesterday  
|-
| oni
| they  
|-
| opatrzony
| provided  
|-
| opiekun
| guardian  
|-
| opis
| description  
|-
| opłata
| fee, cost  
|-
| opuchlizna
| dropsy, edema, swelling  
|-
| oraz
| and, also  
|-
| osada
| large settlement  
|-
| osiadły
| settled (at), residing (at)  
|-
| osiem
| eight  
|-
| osiemdziesiąt(y)
| eighty (eightieth)  
|-
| osiemnaście
| eighteen  
|-
| osiemnasty
| eighteenth  
|-
| osiemset(ny)
| eight hundred(th)  
|-
| osłabienie
| weakness  
|-
| ósmy
| eighth  
|-
| osoba
| person  
|-
| ospa
| of smallpox  
|-
| ostatni
| last, recent  
|-
| oświadczenie
| statement  
|-
| oświadczył
| declared, testified  
|-
| otrzymał
| received  
|-
| owczarz
| shepherd
|-
| owdowiałla
| widowed  
|-
| owdowiały
| widower
|-
| ozenił sie
| married a wife  
|-
| ożeniony
| married
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== P  ===
=== P  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| pan
| sir, Mr., Lord
|-
| pani
| lady, Mrs.
|-
| panna
| maiden, Miss
|-
| pański
| Lord's
|-
| [roku pańskiego]
| [in the year of our Lord]
|-
| państwowy
| state, of the state
|-
| parafia
| parish
|-
| parobek
| farmworker
|-
| pasierb
| stepchild
|-
| pasterz
| herdsman
|-
| października
| of October
|-
| pełnoletność
| age of consent, legal age
|-
| pełnomocnictwo
| power of attorney, proxy
|-
| piątek
| Friday
|-
| piąty
| fifth
|-
| pięć
| five
|-
| pięćdziesiąt(y)
| fifty (fiftieth)
|-
| pięćset(ny)
| five hundred(th)
|-
| piekarz
| baker
|-
| pierwszego
| on the first
|-
| pierwszy
| first
|-
| piętnaście
| fifteen
|-
| piętnasty
| fifteenth
|-
| pisać
| to write
|-
| pismo
| letter, correspondence
|-
| płci męskiej
| male
|-
| płci żeńskiej
| female
|-
| płeć
| gender, sex
|-
| po
| after
|-
| pochowanie
| burial
|-
| pod
| under
|-
| podatek
| tax
|-
| podług
| according to
|-
| podobny
| similar
|-
| podpis
| signature
|-
| podpisany
| signed
|-
| podrzutek
| foundling
|-
| podwójny
| duplicate
|-
| pogrzeb
| burial
|-
| pogrzebany
| buried
|-
| pól
| half
|-
| pólnoc
| midnight, north
|-
| połóg
| childbirth, labor
|-
| polski
| Polish
|-
| południe
| noon, south
|-
| pomorski
| Pomeranian
|-
| poniedziałek
| Monday
|-
| ponieważ
| because
|-
| poprzedni
| previous
|-
| poprzedzil
| preceded
|-
| posiada
| has, is in possession of
|-
| posiadłość
| property, estate, place
|-
|-
| poślubił
| married
|-
| poszukiwanie
| research, search of
|-
| potem
| after
|-
| potok
| stream
|-
| pow. (powiat)
| district
|-
| powinowaty
| relative
|-
| powyższe
| previously mentioned
|-
| pozostały
| left behind, surviving
|-
| pozostawi
| left behind, was survived by
|-
| pozwolenieł
| permission
|-
| prababa (prababka)
| great-grandmother
|-
| pracowity
| diligent, hard-working
|-
| pradziadek
| great-grandfather
|-
| prawdopodobnie
| in all likelihood, probably
|-
| prawego łoża
| legitimate
|-
| prawny
| legal
|-
| prawo
| law, right
|-
| prawosławny
| orthodox
|-
| prawowity
| legitimate
|-
| prawy
| right, true
|-
| proboszcz
| parish priest
|-
| prośba
| request
|-
| prosimy
| we request
|-
| protestancki
| Protestant
|-
| pruski
| Prussian
|-
| przed
| in front of, before
|-
| przedtem
| before
|-
| przekonal
| convinced
|-
| przesłany
| sent
|-
| przeszły
| preceding
|-
| [roku przeszlłego]
| [of the preceding year]
|-
| przez
| by
|-
| przodem
| before
|-
| przodków
| of ancestors
|-
| przy
| by, with, during
|-
| przyczyna
| cause, reason
|-
| przyjaciel
| friend
|-
| przypadek
| circumstance, occurrence, case
|-
| [z bojazni przypadku]
| [for fear of the circumstance (i.e., emergency baptism)]
|-
| przyrodni
| step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother)
|-
| przytomność
| presence
|-
| przyzwolenie
| consent
|-
|-
| pan <br>pani <br>panna <br>pański <br>[roku pańskiego] <br>państwowy <br>parafia <br>parobek <br>pasierb <br>pasterz <br>października <br>pełnoletność&nbsp; <br>piątek <br>piąty <br>pięć&nbsp; <br>pięćdziesiąt(y) <br>pięćset(ny) <br>piekarz <br>pierwszego <br>pierwszy <br>piętnaście <br>piętnasty <br>pisać <br>pismo <br>płci męskiej<br>płci żeńskiej <br>płeć <br>po <br>pochowanie <br>pod <br>podatek <br>podług <br>podobny <br>podpis <br>podpisany <br>podrzutek <br>podwójny <br>pogrzeb <br>pogrzebany <br>pól <br>pólnoc <br>połóg <br>polski <br>południe <br>pomorski <br>poniedziałek <br>ponieważ<br>poprzedni <br>poprzedzil <br>posiada <br>poślubił <br>poszukiwanie <br>potem <br>potok <br>pow. (powiat) <br>powinowaty <br>powyższe <br>pozostały <br>pozostawi<br>pozwolenie ł<br>prababa (prababka) <br>pracowity <br>pradziadek <br>prawdopodobnie <br>prawego łoża <br>prawny <br>prawo <br>prawosławny <br>prawowity <br>prawy <br>proboszcz <br>prośba <br>prosimy <br>protestancki <br>pruski <br>przed <br>przedtem <br>przekonal <br>przesłany <br>przeszły <br>[roku przeszlłego] <br>przez <br>przodem <br>przodków <br>przy <br>przyczyna <br>przyjaciel <br>przypadek <br>[z bojazni przypadku] <br>przyrodni <br>przytomność<br>przyzwolenie <br>puchlina  
| puchlina  
| sir, Mr., Lord <br>lady, Mrs. <br>maiden, Miss <br>Lord's <br>[in the year of our Lord] <br>state, of the state <br>parish <br>farmworker <br>stepchild <br>herdsman <br>of October <br>age of consent, legal age <br>Friday <br>fifth <br>five <br>fifty (fiftieth) <br>five hundred(th) <br>baker <br>on the first <br>first <br>fifteen <br>fifteenth <br>to write <br>letter, correspondence <br>male <br>female <br>gender, sex <br>after <br>burial <br>under <br>tax <br>according to <br>similar <br>signature <br>signed <br>foundling <br>duplicate <br>burial <br>buried <br>half <br>midnight, north <br>childbirth, labor <br>Polish <br>noon, south <br>Pomeranian <br>Monday <br>because <br>previous <br>preceded <br>has, is in possession of <br>married <br>research, search of <br>after <br>stream <br>district <br>relative <br>previously mentioned <br>left behind, surviving <br>left behind, was survived by <br>permission <br>great-grandmother <br>diligent, hard-working <br>great-grandfather <br>in all likelihood, probably <br>legitimate <br>legal <br>law, right <br>orthodox <br>legitimate <br>right, true <br>parish priest <br>request <br>we request <br>Protestant <br>Prussian <br>in front of, before <br>before <br>convinced <br>sent <br>preceding <br>[of the preceding year] <br>by <br>before <br>of ancestors <br>by, with, during <br>cause, reason <br>friend <br>circumstance, occurrence, case <br>[for fear of the circumstance (i.e., emergency baptism)] <br>step-, half-, (as in stepbrother, half brother) <br>presence <br>consent <br>dropsy, edema, swellling
| dropsy, edema, swelling
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== R  ===
=== R  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| r. (roku)
| in the year
|-
| rabin
| rabbi
|-
| rak
| cancer
|-
| rano
| in the morning
|-
| raz
| once, time
|-
| [drugi raz]
| [second time]
|-
| razem
| together
|-
| reformowany
| Reformed Protestant, Calvinist
|-
| religia
| religion
|-
| religijny
| religious, of the church
|-
| robotnik
| worker
|-
| rocznik
| yearbook
|-
| roczny
| annual
|-
| ród
| family, clan, descent
|-
| rodowód
| genealogy, pedigree
|-
| rodzeństwo
| sibling
|-
| rodzice
| parents
|-
| rodzice chrzestni
| godparents
|-
| rodzina
| family
|-
| rok
| year
|-
| rolnik
| tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer
|-
| rosyjski
| Russian
|-
| również
| also, too
|-
|-
| r. (roku) <br>rabin <br>rak <br>rano <br>raz <br>[drugi raz] <br>razem <br>reformowany <br>religia <br>religijny <br>robotnik <br>rocznik <br>roczny <br>ród <br>rodowód <br>rodzeństwo <br>rodzice <br>rodzice chrzestni <br>rodzina <br>rok <br>rolnik <br>rosyjski <br>również<br>rozwiedziony <br>rozwód <br>ruski <br>rybak <br>rynek <br>rządowy <br>rzeka <br>rzezak, rzeźnik <br>rzymsko-katolicki
| rozwiedziony  
| in the year <br>rabbi <br>cancer <br>in the morning <br>once, time <br>[second time] <br>together <br>Reformed Protestant, Calvinist <br>religion <br>religious, of the church <br>worker <br>yearbook <br>annual <br>family, clan, descent <br>genealogy, pedigree <br>sibling <br>parents <br>godparents <br>family <br>year <br>tenant farmer, husbandman, farmer <br>Russian <br>also, too <br>divorced <br>divorce <br>Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian <br>fisherman <br>marketplace <br>governmental <br>river <br>butcher, circumciser (mohel) <br>Roman Catholic
| divorced
|-
| rozwód  
| divorce
|-
| ruski  
| Russian, Ruthenian, Ukrainian  
|-
| rybak
| fisherman  
|-
| rynek
| marketplace  
|-
| rządowy
| governmental  
|-
| rzeka
| river  
|-
| rzezak, rzeźnik
| butcher, circumciser (mohel)  
|-
| rzymsko-katolicki
| Roman Catholic
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== S  ===
=== S  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| są
| they are
|-
| sąd
| court
|-
| samy
| same
|-
| sąsiad
| neighbor
|-
| setny
| one hundredth
|-
| się
| self
|-
| siedem
| seven
|-
| siedemdziesiat
| seventy
|-
| siedemnaście
| seventeen
|-
| siedemnasty
| seventeenth
|-
| siedemset(ny)
| seven hundred(th)
|-
| sierota
| orphan
|-
| sierpnia
| of August
|-
| siódmy
| seventh
|-
| sioło
| village
|-
| siostra
| sister
|-
| siostrzenica
| niece
|-
| siostrzeniec
| nephew
|-
| składał
| submitted, presented
|-
| skończył
| completed
|-
| skorowidz
| index
|-
| skurcze
| cramps
|-
| skutek
| cause
|-
| słabość
| weakness, sickness
|-
| słaby
| weak
|-
| śląski
| Silesian
|-
| sławetny
| renowned
|-
| slawny
| famous
|-
| słowacki
| Slovak
|-
| słownik
| dictionary
|-
| ślub
| marriage, wedding
|-
| ślubny
| married, wedded, legitimate
|-
| sługa
| servant
|-
| służąca
| servant girl
|-
| służący
| serving
|-
| śmierć
| death
|-
| snać
| perhaps
|-
| sobie
| self
|-
| sobota
| Saturday
|-
| spażenie
| burn
|-
| spis
| list, census, index
|-
| spłodzone
| begotten, born
|-
| społeczeństwo
| society
|-
| sprzedarz
| merchant, dealer
|-
| średni
| central, middle, average
|-
| środa
| Wednesday
|-
| środek
| middle
|-
| stan
| status, condition
|-
| starość
| old age
|-
| starosta
|  perfect
|-
| starozakonny
| Jew (Orthodox)
|-
| starszy
| older, elder
|-
| stary
| old
|-
| stawiający się
| the one presenting himself
|-
| stawił się
| presented himself, appeared
|-
| stelmach
| cart maker, wheel maker
|-
| sto
| hundred
|-
| stolarz
| cabinetmaker
|-
| stolica
| capital city
|-
| strona
| page
|-
| stryj
| uncle (paternal)
|-
| stulecie
| century
|-
| stycznia
| of January
|-
| suchoty
| consumption, tuberculosis
|-
| sukiennik
| cloth-maker
|-
| swiadectwo
| certificate
|-
| świadek
| witness
|-
| święty
| holy
|-
| swój (swego)
| his, her own
|-
| swója (swojei)
| his, her own
|-
| syn
| son
|-
| synagoga
| synagogue
|-
| synowa
| daughter-in-law
|-
| synowie
| sons
|-
| szanowny
| honorable
|-
| sześć
| six
|-
| sześćdziesąit(y)
| sixty (sixtieth)
|-
| sześćset(ny)
| six hundred(th)
|-
| szesnaście
| sixteen
|-
| szesnasty
| sixteenth
|-
| szewc
| shoemaker
|-
| szkarlatyna
| scarlet fever
|-
| szkoła
| school
|-
| szkolnik
| rabbi's assistant, teacher
|-
| szlachecki (szlachety)
| noble
|-
| szlachta
| nobility
|-
| szlub
| see slub
|-
| szósty
| sixth
|-
| szwagier
| brother-in-law
|-
| szwagierka
| sister-in-law
|-
|-
| są <br>sąd <br>samy <br>sąsiad <br>setny <br>się <br>siedem <br>siedemdziesiat <br>siedemnaście <br>siedemnasty <br>siedemset(ny) <br>sierota <br>sierpnia <br>siódmy <br>sioło <br>siostra <br>siostrzenica <br>siostrzeniec <br>składał<br>skończył<br>skorowidz <br>skurcze <br>skutek <br>słabość <br>słaby <br>śląski <br>sławetny <br>slawny <br>słowacki <br>słownik <br>ślub <br>ślubny <br>sługa <br>służąca <br>służący <br>śmierć<br>snać<br>sobie <br>sobota <br>spażenie <br>spis <br>spłodzone <br>społeczeństwo <br>sprzedarz <br>średni <br>środa <br>środek <br>stan <br>starość <br>starosta <br>starozakonny <br>starszy <br>stary <br>stawiający się<br>stawił się<br>stelmach <br>sto <br>stolarz <br>stolica <br>strona <br>stryj <br>stulecie <br>stycznia <br>suchoty <br>sukiennik <br>swiadectwo <br>świadek <br>swięty <br>swój (swego) <br>swója (swojei) <br>syn <br>synagoga <br>synowa <br>synowie <br>sześć <br>sześćdziesąit(y) <br>sześćset(ny) <br>szesnaście <br>szesnasty <br>szewc <br>szkarlatyna <br>szkoła <br>szkolnik <br>szlachecki (szlachety) <br>szlachta <br>szlub <br>szósty <br>szwagier <br>szwagierka <br>szynkarz  
| szynkarz  
| they are <br>court <br>same <br>neighbor <br>one hundredth <br>self <br>seven <br>seventy <br>seventeen <br>seventeenth <br>seven hundred(th) <br>orphan <br>of August <br>seventh <br>village <br>sister <br>niece <br>nephew <br>submitted, presented <br>completed <br>index <br>cramps <br>cause <br>weakness, sickness <br>weak <br>Silesian <br>renowned <br>famous <br>Slovak <br>dictionary <br>marriage, wedding <br>married, wedded, legitimate <br>servant <br>servant girl <br>serving <br>death <br>perhaps <br>self <br>Saturday <br>burn <br>list, census, index <br>begotten, born <br>society <br>merchant, dealer <br>cental, middle, average <br>Wednesday <br>middle <br>status, condition <br>old age <br>perfect <br>Jew (Orthodox) <br>older, elder <br>old <br>the one presenting himself <br>presented himself, appeared <br>cart maker, wheel maker <br>hundred <br>cabinetmaker <br>capital city <br>page <br>uncle (paternal) <br>century <br>of January <br>consumption, tuberculosis <br>cloth-maker <br>certificate <br>witness <br>holy <br>his, her own <br>his, her own <br>son <br>synagogue <br>daughter-in-law <br>sons <br>six <br>sixty (sixtieth) <br>six hundred(th) <br>sixteen <br>sixteenth <br>shoemaker <br>scarlet fever <br>school <br>rabbi's assistant, teacher <br>noble <br>nobility <br>see slub <br>sixth <br>brother-in-law <br>sister-in-law <br>tavern keeper
| tavern keeper
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== T  ===
=== T  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| t. (tom)
| volume
|-
| taki
| such as
|-
| także
| also
|-
| tam
| there
|-
| tamowanie
| opposition, objection
|-
| tamtejszy
| of that place
|-
| tamże
| in the same place
|-
| targownik
| peddler
|-
| tego (tegoż)
| this, the same
|-
| tej (tejże)
| this, the same
|-
| ten (ta, też)
| this, the same
|-
| teść
| father-in-law
|-
| tężec
| tetanus
|-
| tkacz
| weaver
|-
| to
| it, this
|-
| tom
| volume
|-
| towarzystwo
| society
|-
| trudniący się
| earning a living
|-
| trzeci
| third
|-
| trzy
| three
|-
| trzydzieści
| thirty
|-
| trzydziesty
| thirtieth
|-
| trzymał
| held, kept
|-
| [trzymał do chrztu]
| [stood as godparents]
|-
| trzynaście
| thirteen
|-
| trzynasty
| thirteenth
|-
| trzysetny (trzechsetny)
| three hundredth
|-
| trzysta
| three hundred
|-
| tu
| here
|-
| tudzież
| also, likewise
|-
| tutaj
| here
|-
| tutejszy
| of this place
|-
| twierdza
| fortress
|-
| tydzień
| week
|-
|-
| t. (tom) <br>taki <br>także <br>tam <br>tamowanie <br>tamtejszy <br>tamże <br>targownik <br>tego (tegoż) <br>tej (tejże) <br>ten (ta, też) <br>teść<br>tężec <br>tkacz <br>to <br>tom <br>towarzystwo <br>trudniący się<br>trzeci <br>trzy <br>trzydzieści <br>trzydziesty <br>trzymał<br>[trzymał do chrztu] <br>trzynaście <br>trzynasty <br>trzysetny (trzechsetny) <br>trzysta <br>tu <br>tudzież <br>tutaj <br>tutejszy <br>twierdza <br>tydzień<br>tygodnie <br>tylko <br>tysiąc <br>tysięczny <br>tytuł
| tygodnie  
| volume <br>such as <br>also <br>there <br>opposition, objection <br>of that place <br>in the same place <br>peddler <br>this, the same <br>this, the same <br>this, the same <br>father-in-law <br>tetanus <br>weaver <br>it, this <br>volume <br>society <br>earning a living <br>third <br>three <br>thirty <br>thirtieth <br>held, kept <br>[stood as godparents] <br>thirteen <br>thirteenth <br>three hundredth <br>three hundred <br>here <br>also, likewise <br>here <br>of this place <br>fortress <br>week <br>weeks <br>only <br>thousand <br>one thousandth <br>title, name
| weeks
|-
| tylko  
| only
|-
| tysiąc  
| thousand
|-
| tysięczny  
| one thousandth  
|-
| tytuł
| title, name
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== U  ===
=== U  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| ubogi
| poor
|-
| ukraijnski
| Ukrainian
|-
| ul. (ulica)
| street, road
|-
| umarł
| died
|-
| umieją
| they know how
|-
| umowa
| contract, agreement
|-
| umrzeć
| to die
|-
| uprzejmie
| politely
|-
| urodzenie
| birth
|-
| urodził się
| was born
|-
| urodzin
| of births
|-
| urodzony
| born, wellborn (noble)
|-
| urząd
| office
|-
| urząd stanu cywilnego
| civil registration office
|-
| urzędnik
| registrar, officer, clerk
|-
| ustny
| verbal, oral
|-
| utrzymajacy się
| supporting self (by)
|-
|-
| ubogi <br>ukraijnski <br>ul. (ulica) <br>umarł<br>umieją <br>umowa <br>umrzeć <br>uprzejmie <br>urodzenie <br>urodził się<br>urodzin <br>urodzony <br>urząd <br>urząd stanu cywilnego <br>urzędnik<br>ustny <br>utrzymajacy się<br>uwagi  
| uwagi  
| poor <br>Ukrainian <br>street, road <br>died <br>they know how <br>contract, agreement <br>to die <br>politely <br>birth <br>was born <br>of births <br>born, wellborn (noble) <br>office <br>civil registration office <br>registrar, officer, clerk <br>verbal, oral <br>supporting self (by) <br>remarks
|remarks
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== W  ===
=== W  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="70%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| w
| in
|-
| w. (wieku)
| century
|-
| waleczny
| courageous, gallant
|-
| was
| you
|-
| wasz
| your
|-
| wcześnie
| early
|-
| wczoraj
| yesterday
|-
| wczorajszy
| yesterday's
|-
| wdowa
| widow
|-
| [wdowa po Józefie]
| [widow of Józef]
|-
| wdowiec
| widower
|-
| we
| in
|-
| według
| according to
|-
| węgierski
| Hungarian
|-
| wiadomo
| it is known
|-
| wiadomość
| knowledge
|-
| wiadomy
| known
|-
| wieczorem
| in the evening
|-
| wiek
| age, century
|-
| wielki
| great, large
|-
| wielmożny
| powerful noble, magnate
|-
| wielu
| many, much
|-
| wierzchni
| upper
|-
| wieś
| village
|-
| wikarjusz (wikary)
| vicar, priest
|-
| wiorst (wierst)
| a measurement of distance (1067 meters)
|-
| wioska
| little village
|-
| właściciel
| proprietor, owner
|-
| włóka
| 30 morgs (36 acres)
|-
| włościanin
| peasant
|-
| włoski
| Italian
|-
| wnuczek
| grandson
|-
| wnuczka
| granddaughter
|-
| wnuk
| grandchild
|-
| woda
| water
|-
| wodna puchlina
| dropsy, edema
|-
| wojenny
| military
|-
| województwo
| province
|-
| wojskowy
| military
|-
| wolny
| free, not a serf, unmarried
|-
| wraz
| together with, with
|-
| września
| of September
|-
| wschód
| east
|-
| wsi
| of the village
|-
| wśród
| in the midst of
|-
| wśtępnie
| initially, temporarily
|-
| wszakże
| but
|-
| wszystko
| all
|-
| wtedy
| at that time
|-
| wtorek
| Tuesday
|-
| wuj (wujek)
| uncle (maternal)
|-
| wyciąg
| extract
|-
| wydany
| published
|-
| wykonał
| performed, did, accomplished
|-
| wyrażenie
| statement
|-
| wyrobnik
| dayworker, laborer
|-
| wysoki
| high
|-
|-
| w <br>w. (wieku) <br>waleczny <br>was <br>wasz <br>wcześnie <br>wczoraj <br>wczorajszy <br>wdowa <br>[wdowa po Józefie] <br>wdowiec <br>we <br>według <br>węgierski <br>wiadomo <br>wiadomość <br>wiadomy <br>wieczorem <br>wiek <br>wielki <br>wielmożny <br>wielu <br>wierzchni <br>wieś<br>wikarjusz (wikary) <br>wiorst (wierst) <br>wioska <br>właściciel <br>włóka <br>włościanin <br>włoski <br>wnuczek <br>wnuczka <br>wnuk <br>woda <br>wodna puchlina <br>wojenny <br>województwo <br>wojskowy <br>wolny <br>wraz <br>września <br>wschód <br>wsi <br>wśród <br>wśtępnie <br>wszakże <br>wszystko <br>wtedy <br>wtorek <br>wuj (wujek) <br>wyciąg <br>wydany <br>wykonał<br>wyrażenie <br>wyrobnik <br>wysoki <br>wyznania <br>wyższy <br>wzgórze <br>wzmianki  
| wyznania  
| in <br>century <br>courageous, gallant <br>you <br>your <br>early <br>yesterday <br>yesterday's <br>widow <br>[widow of Józef] <br>widower <br>in <br>according to <br>Hungarian <br>it is known <br>knowledge <br>known <br>in the evening <br>age, century <br>great, large <br>powerful noble, magnate <br>many, much <br>upper <br>village <br>vicar, priest <br>a measurement of distance (1067 meters) <br>little village <br>proprietor, owner <br>30 morgs (36 acres) <br>peasant <br>Italian <br>grandson <br>granddaughter <br>grandchild <br>water <br>dropsy, edema <br>military <br>province <br>military <br>free, not a serf, unmarried <br>together with, with <br>of September <br>east <br>of the village <br>in the midst of <br>initially, temporarily <br>but <br>all <br>at that time <br>Tuesday <br>uncle (maternal) <br>extract <br>published <br>performed, did, accomplished <br>statement <br>dayworker, laborer <br>high <br>religion <br>upper <br>hill <br>remarks
| religion
|-
| wyższy  
| upper
|-
| wzgórze  
| hill
|-
| wzmianki  
| remarks
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== X  ===
=== X  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
|-
| xiądz <br>xięga  
!'''Polish'''
| priest <br>book
!'''English'''
|-
| xiądz
| priest
|-
| xięga  
| book
|}
|}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== Z  ===
=== Z  ===


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:30%"
|-
!'''Polish'''
!'''English'''
|-
| z
| with, from
|-
| [z (Surname +ending)]
| [maiden name]
|-
| za
| to
|-
| zachód
| west
|-
| żaden (żadna)
| none
|-
| żadna
| none
|-
| zagrodnik
| peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse
|-
| zamek
| palace, castle
|-
| zamężna
| wife, a married woman, married
|-
| zamieszkały
| residing at
|-
| zamieszkanie
| residence
|-
| zapalenie płuc
| pneumonia
|-
| zapowiedź
| marriage proclamations, banns
|-
| zaręczona
| engaged
|-
| zaręczyny
| engagement, betrothal
|-
| zarwarli
| they agreed
|-
| zarząd
| administration
|-
| zaślubiać
| to marry
|-
| zaślubiony
| married
|-
| zaślużony
| in servitude, serf
|-
| zastępca
| assistance
|-
| zaszło
| happened, occurred
|-
| zatem
| then, therefore
|-
| zatrudnienie
| occupation, profession
|-
| zawarli
| they agreed, contracted
|-
| zawarte
| agreed
|-
| zawartość
| content
|-
| zawarty
| agreed, contracted
|-
| zawód
| occupation, profession
|-
| zawsze
| always
|-
| zdrój
| spring, spa
|-
| że
| with, from
|-
| [ze (surname+ending)]
| [maiden name]
|-
| ze
| that (know that he died)
|-
| żebrak
| beggar
|-
| zejść
| death
|-
| żeńska
| female
|-
| zeszły
| preceding
|-
| zezwolenie (zgoda)
| permission
|-
| zgon
| death
|-
| zgromadzony
| gathered, collected
|-
| zięć
| son-in-law
|-
| zielony
| green
|-
| ziemia
| earth
|-
| złoty
| gold, unit of money
|-
| zmarł
| died, deceased
|-
| zniszczenie
| destruction
|-
|-
| z <br>[z (Surname +ending)] <br>za <br>zachód <br>żaden (żadna) <br>żadna <br>zagrodnik <br>zamek <br>zamężna <br>zamieszkały <br>zamieszkanie <br>zapalenie płuc <br>zapowiedź <br>zaręczona <br>zaręczyny <br>zarwarli <br>zarząd <br>zaślubiać<br>zaślubiony <br>zaślużony <br>zastępca <br>zaszło <br>zatem <br>zatrudnienie <br>zawarli <br>zawarte <br>zawartość <br>zawarty <br>zawód <br>zawsze <br>zdrój <br>że <br>[ze (surname+ending] <br>ze <br>żebrak <br>zejść <br>żeńska <br>zeszły <br>zezwolenie (zgoda) <br>zgon <br>zgromadzony <br>zięć<br>zielony <br>ziemia <br>złoty <br>zmarł<br>zniszczenie <br>znowu <br>zobacz <br>żołnierz <br>żona <br>zostający <br>został <br>zostawił<br>zrobiony <br>zrodzony <br>zwany <br>zwrot <br>życie <br>życzenie <br>żydowski <br>żyjący
| znowu  
| with, from <br>[maiden name] <br>to <br>west <br>none <br>none <br>peasant, farmer who has his farmhouse <br>palace, castle <br>wife, a married woman, married <br>residing at <br>residence <br>pneumonia <br>marriage proclamations, banns <br>engaged <br>engagement, betrothal <br>they agreed <br>administration <br>to marry <br>married <br>in servitude, serf <br>assistance <br>happened, occurred <br>then, therefore <br>occupation, profession <br>they agreed, contracted <br>agreed <br>content <br>agreed, contracted <br>occupation, profession <br>always <br>spring, spa <br>with, from <br>[maiden name] <br>that (know that he died) <br>beggar <br>death <br>female <br>preceding <br>permission <br>death <br>gathered, collected <br>son-in-law <br>green <br>earth <br>gold, unit of money <br>died, deceased <br>destruction <br>again <br>see <br>soldier <br>wife <br>residing, staying <br>was, accomplished, remained, left <br>left behind <br>written (in a document) <br>born <br>called, known as <br>application, remark <br>life, age <br>desire, wish <br>Jewish <br>living
| again
|-
| zobacz  
| see
|-
| żołnierz  
| soldier
|-
| żona  
| wife  
|-
| zostający
| residing, staying  
|-
| został
| was, accomplished, remained, left  
|-
| zostawił
| left behind  
|-
| zrobiony
| written (in a document)  
|-
| zrodzony
| born  
|-
| zwany
| called, known as  
|-
| zwrot
| application, remark  
|-
| życie
| life, age  
|-
| życzenie
| desire, wish  
|-
| żydowski
| Jewish  
|-
| żyjący
| living
|}
|}


[[Category:Poland]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] [[Category:Germany|Polish Language]] [[Category:Russia|Polish Language]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]] [[Category:United_States|Polish Language]] [[Category:Wisconsin|Polish Language]] [[Category:Illinois|Polish Language]] [[Category:Czech_Republic|Polish Language]] [[Category:Slovakia|Polish Language]] [[Category:Ukraine|Polish Language]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}
 
[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]]   [[Category:Czechia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]
Hailey Thompson, AG®
Reviewer, editor, pagecreator
199

edits

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