70,044
edits
m
added content, links and categories
Sandralpond (talk | contribs) m (add links) |
Sandralpond (talk | contribs) m (added content, links and categories) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
''[[England|England]][[Image:Gotoarrow.png]][[England_Land_and_Property|Land and Property]]''[[Image:Highfield Farm, Old Bolingbroke - geograph.org.uk - 869761.jpg|thumb|right|350x250px | ''[[England|England]][[Image:Gotoarrow.png]][[England_Land_and_Property|Land and Property]]''[[Image:Highfield Farm, Old Bolingbroke - geograph.org.uk - 869761.jpg|thumb|right|350x250px]] | ||
=== Introduction === | === Introduction === | ||
| Line 101: | Line 101: | ||
The record of the allotment of land called the 'award', with the names of owners and tenants, together with a detailed map, is either in the county record office or in The National Archives. All are listed in W.E. Tate's A ''Domesday of English Enclosure Acts and Awards'' (Reading: University of Reading, 1978) {{FHL|61033}} 942 R2 and John Chapman's ''A guide to Parliamentary Enclosures in Wales'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992) {{FHL|1011673}} 942.9 R2. | The record of the allotment of land called the 'award', with the names of owners and tenants, together with a detailed map, is either in the county record office or in The National Archives. All are listed in W.E. Tate's A ''Domesday of English Enclosure Acts and Awards'' (Reading: University of Reading, 1978) {{FHL|61033}} 942 R2 and John Chapman's ''A guide to Parliamentary Enclosures in Wales'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992) {{FHL|1011673}} 942.9 R2. | ||
One of the most controversial aspects of this subject is the way in which enclosure affected the small farmer, cottager and squatter. The liberal social historians J.L. and L.B. Hammond in ''The Village Labourer'' (London: Longmans Green, 1911) | One of the most controversial aspects of this subject is the way in which enclosure affected the small farmer, cottager and squatter. The liberal social historians J.L. and L.B. Hammond in ''The Village Labourer'' (London: Longmans Green, 1911) {{FHL|177084}} 942 H2 said that it was fatal to these three classes but the great growth in population between 1540 and 1640 (when it all but doubled) undoubtedly also helped to create the mobile labour force dependent on wages, which is usually blamed upon it. Where common survive, smallholdings have not necessarily flourished, but you may still see cattle graze an unenclosed heath, watched perhaps by their owner from the glassy shelter of a telephone kiosk. | ||
== Hearth Tax 1662-89 == | == Hearth Tax 1662-89 == | ||
| Line 109: | Line 109: | ||
In 1662 every occupier was required to pay a tax of two shillings a year for each hearth or stove in his property. Many people were exempt: those who received poor relief, those who occupied houses worth less than twenty shillings a year and had an annual income of less than £10 a year, and those who paid neither church nor poor rate. However, the assessments generally include even the exempted hearths. Where they survive they give some idea of the relative wealth of the people in the parish, though the exact location of the houses may be more problematical. | In 1662 every occupier was required to pay a tax of two shillings a year for each hearth or stove in his property. Many people were exempt: those who received poor relief, those who occupied houses worth less than twenty shillings a year and had an annual income of less than £10 a year, and those who paid neither church nor poor rate. However, the assessments generally include even the exempted hearths. Where they survive they give some idea of the relative wealth of the people in the parish, though the exact location of the houses may be more problematical. | ||
The majority of surviving lists are in The National Archives but copies of these may be found with the few surviving local returns in county record offices. A major programme is on foot to get at least one year for each county into print. For full details see Jeremy Gibson,''The Hearth Tax'' (Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 2nd edn. 1996) | The majority of surviving lists are in The National Archives but copies of these may be found with the few surviving local returns in county record offices. A major programme is on foot to get at least one year for each county into print. For full details see Jeremy Gibson,''The Hearth Tax'' (Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 2nd edn. 1996) {{FHL|765227}} book 942 R43. For further detail see [[Hearth Tax in England and Wales]]. | ||
== Trends from 1680s to 1870s == | == Trends from 1680s to 1870s == | ||
| Line 183: | Line 183: | ||
{{Place|England}} | {{Place|England}} | ||
{{Category:England]] | |||