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African American Resources for Virginia (view source)
Revision as of 19:52, 18 November 2012
, 18 November 2012Updated information for the African American Historic Cemeteries of Portsmouth VA - web
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The first slaves were imported into Virginia in 1619. Slaves were emancipated in 1865. The Official Tourism Website of the Commonwealth of Virginia has prepared a nice history of [http://www.virginia.org/africanamericansinvirginia/ African-Americans in Virginia].<br> | The first slaves were imported into Virginia in 1619. Slaves were emancipated in 1865. The Official Tourism Website of the Commonwealth of Virginia has prepared a nice history of [http://www.virginia.org/africanamericansinvirginia/ African-Americans in Virginia].<br> | ||
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| bgcolor="#cc99ff" colspan="4" | <center>'''Number of Slaves in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FHL|281281|item|disp=FHL Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | | bgcolor="#cc99ff" colspan="4" | <center>'''Number of Slaves in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FHL|281281|item|disp=FHL Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | ||
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===== Plantation Records ===== | ===== Plantation Records ===== | ||
'''Virginia Plantation Records''' Occasionally, slaves are mentioned in plantation records. The [[Family History Library]] has several series of plantation records from the periods before and after the Civil War. These are listed in the Author/Title Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the STAMPP, KENNETH M. or in the Subject Search under PLANTATION LIFE - VIRGINIA or PLANTATION LIFE - SOUTHERN STATES. Records are available at: | '''Virginia Plantation Records''' Occasionally, slaves are mentioned in plantation records. The [[Family History Library]] has several series of plantation records from the periods before and after the Civil War. These are listed in the Author/Title Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the STAMPP, KENNETH M. or in the Subject Search under PLANTATION LIFE - VIRGINIA or PLANTATION LIFE - SOUTHERN STATES. Records are available at: {{Wikipedia|List of plantations in Virginia}} | ||
{{Wikipedia|List of plantations in Virginia}} | |||
*'''Library of Congress''': inventory, {{FHL|566380|item|disp=FHL Book 975 H2sm Ser. C}}; original records, films beginning with {{FHL|560814|item|disp=FHL Film 1534247}}. | *'''Library of Congress''': inventory, {{FHL|566380|item|disp=FHL Book 975 H2sm Ser. C}}; original records, films beginning with {{FHL|560814|item|disp=FHL Film 1534247}}. | ||
*'''University of Virginia Library''': inventory, {{FHL|566400|item|disp=FHL Book 975 H2sm Ser. E}}; original records, films beginning with {{FHL|560817|item|disp=FHL Film 1534274}}. | *'''University of Virginia Library''': inventory, {{FHL|566400|item|disp=FHL Book 975 H2sm Ser. E}}; original records, films beginning with {{FHL|560817|item|disp=FHL Film 1534274}}. | ||
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Not all blacks were slaves in Virginia before the Civil War. Virginia had the largest free black population in the United States.<ref>''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 9.</ref> Many black families had been free there since the 1600s. For each eight slaves in the state, there was one free person of color.<ref>''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 10.</ref> Some of the largest families had the surnames Cumbo, Driggers, and Goins. Many free people of color descended from black slave men who had children by white indentured servant women.<ref name="drig">The previous school of thought had the colors and genders swapped - it was believed that they descended from illegitimate offspring of white slave masters and black slave women. A 1662 law stated that the offspring of such relations would take the legal status of the mother. Most children resulting from illicit relations between white slave masters and black slave women remained in slavery. See Paul Heinegg, ''Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware,'' http://freeafricanamericans.com/, accessed 25 May 2012; and ''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 19.</ref> Others were manumitted.<br> | Not all blacks were slaves in Virginia before the Civil War. Virginia had the largest free black population in the United States.<ref>''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 9.</ref> Many black families had been free there since the 1600s. For each eight slaves in the state, there was one free person of color.<ref>''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 10.</ref> Some of the largest families had the surnames Cumbo, Driggers, and Goins. Many free people of color descended from black slave men who had children by white indentured servant women.<ref name="drig">The previous school of thought had the colors and genders swapped - it was believed that they descended from illegitimate offspring of white slave masters and black slave women. A 1662 law stated that the offspring of such relations would take the legal status of the mother. Most children resulting from illicit relations between white slave masters and black slave women remained in slavery. See Paul Heinegg, ''Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware,'' http://freeafricanamericans.com/, accessed 25 May 2012; and ''The Free Negro in Virginia,'' 19.</ref> Others were manumitted.<br> | ||
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| bgcolor="#cc99ff" colspan="4" | <center>'''Number of Free People of Color in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FHL|281281|item|disp=FHL Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | | bgcolor="#cc99ff" colspan="4" | <center>'''Number of Free People of Color in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FHL|281281|item|disp=FHL Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | ||
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*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-African-American-Historic-Cemeteries-of-Portsmouth-VA/209707012436379?sk=wall The African American Historic Cemeteries of Portsmouth VA] on Facebook: A friend's group of descendants and volunteers of the African American Cemeteries of Portsmouth: The Mt. Calvary Cemetery Complex (est 1879), Lincoln Memorial Cemetery (est 1912), and Grove Baptist Church cemetery (est 1840) | *[https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-African-American-Historic-Cemeteries-of-Portsmouth-VA/209707012436379?sk=wall The African American Historic Cemeteries of Portsmouth VA] on Facebook: A friend's group of descendants and volunteers of the African American Cemeteries of Portsmouth: The Mt. Calvary Cemetery Complex (est 1879), Lincoln Memorial Cemetery (est 1912), and Grove Baptist Church cemetery (est 1840) | ||
*[http://blackcemeteriesportsmouthva.org The African American Historic Cemeteries of Portsmouth Virginia] (web): A | *[http://blackcemeteriesportsmouthva.org The African American Historic Cemeteries of Portsmouth Virginia] (web): A group of concerned citizens, descendants, and volunteers of the African American Cemeteries of Portsmouth: The Mt. Calvary Cemetery Complex (est. 1879), Lincoln Memorial Cemetery (est 1912), and Grove Baptist Church Cemetery (est. 1840). Also includes listings and records for cemeteries in the Tidewater Region of Virginia. Counties include Accomack, Arlington, Caroline, Charles City, Chesterfield, Essex, Fairfax, Gloucester, Hanover, Henrico, Isle of Wight, James City, King George, King and Queen, King William, Lancaster, Mathews, Middlesex, New Kent, Northampton, Northumberland, Prince George, Prince William, Richmond, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Surry, Westmoreland, and York. Cities include Alexandria, Chesapeake, Colonial Heights, Fairfax, Falls Church, Fredericksburg, Hampton, Hopewell, Newport News, Norfolk, Petersburg, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Richmond, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, and Williamsburg. | ||
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/African-American-Cemeteries-of-Hampton-Roads/126726900775531 African American Cemeteries of Tidewater Virginia] on Facebook. A community forum for the African American cemeteries of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Included are burial sites located in Norfolk, Hampton, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, Newport News, and additional areas throughout the Tidewater region. | *[https://www.facebook.com/pages/African-American-Cemeteries-of-Hampton-Roads/126726900775531 African American Cemeteries of Tidewater Virginia] on Facebook. A community forum for the African American cemeteries of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Included are burial sites located in Norfolk, Hampton, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, Newport News, and additional areas throughout the Tidewater region. | ||
*[http://www.africanamericancemeteries.com/va/ African American Cemeteries Online] includes transcribed records from Accomack, Albemarle, Amherst, Dinwiddie, Fairfax, Halifax, Henrico, Page, Prince William, Russell, and Sussex county cemeteries. | *[http://www.africanamericancemeteries.com/va/ African American Cemeteries Online] includes transcribed records from Accomack, Albemarle, Amherst, Dinwiddie, Fairfax, Halifax, Henrico, Page, Prince William, Russell, and Sussex county cemeteries. | ||
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==== Later Migrations Out of Virginia ==== | ==== Later Migrations Out of Virginia ==== | ||
There were several large migrations of Virginia African Americans into other parts of the country in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 1900, most Southern born blacks living in the North had been born in Virginia or Kentucky.<ref>1900 U.S. Federal Census. Study by James Ison.</ref> Around the time of World War I, many rural Virginians moved to urban [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, New Jersey]], [[New York City, New York|New York City]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. In the World War II era, many moved to [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Detroit]].<ref name="ison" /> | There were several large migrations of Virginia African Americans into other parts of the country in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In 1900, most Southern born blacks living in the North had been born in Virginia or Kentucky.<ref>1900 U.S. Federal Census. Study by James Ison.</ref> Around the time of World War I, many rural Virginians moved to urban [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark, New Jersey]], [[New York City, New York|New York City]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. In the World War II era, many moved to [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Detroit]].<ref name="ison" /> | ||
== Societies == | == Societies == | ||