Migration Patterns - An Alternative for Locating African Origins

Syllabus for class taught by James Ison, Manager at FamilySearch, presented at the NGS 2010 Conference, and the FGS 2010 Conference.

Problem

Like many Americans, 20th century African-Americans were on the move leaving an almost entirely rural setting in the South to a predominantly urban setting in the North, West, and South. After the Civil War, many former slaves moved within the South in search of work. The first half of the 19th century witnessed a Second Middle Passage as over 1 million enslaved people were forced from residing in Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas to work the fields of the Deep South. Many African-Americans have lost track of their ancestors’ journeys within the United States, and few have evidence of their ancestral origins in Africa. DNA testing has become an only option for many in learning about African origins.

Session Description

As popular as DNA is in providing clues to ancestral origins, there are limitations to what can be learned using DNA tests. An alternative is using migration patterns, family records, and census records to determine the general area in the United States where one’s ancestors arrived. Once a general locale is determined, then the newly available Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade database is a useful tool to understand implications for one’s African ancestry.

Topics

• DNA testing is great but has limitations
• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade database: a new resource
• Five migration periods
• Importation to the Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland)
• Importation to South Carolina and Georgia
• Cotton was “King”
• Second Middle Passage—Internal slave exports 1790-1860
• Post Civil War migration
• Going North—the “Great Migrations”
• Returning South
• Case Studies: Finding likely African origins

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Origins 1619-1810 (disembarkation)

African Origin	Africa Today	Northern States	Virginia Maryland	South Carolina Georgia	Gulf Louisiana	American Colonies
Senegambia	Senegal Gambia	7,276	31,314	44,682	8,600	91,872
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	2,681	3,749	35,042	3,421	44,893
Windward Coast	Ivory Coast	763	4,842	16,175	0	21,780
Gold Coast	Ghana	8,165	15,281	31,387	1,044	55,877
Bight of Benin	Togo, Benin	0	3,141	3,156	2,933	9,230
Bight of Biafra	Nigeria	0	45,186	18,363	751	64,300
West Central Africa	Angola Congo	5,396	22,122	60,191	3,631	91,340
Southeast Africa	Madagascar Mozambique	2,674	2,032	1,481	1,404	7,591
Total		26,955	127,668	210,477	21,785	386,885

African Origin	Africa Today	Northern States	Virginia Maryland	South Carolina Georgia	Gulf Louisiana	American Colonies
Senegambia	Senegal Gambia	27%	25%	21%	39%	24%
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	10%	3%	17%	16%	12%
Windward Coast	Ivory Coast	3%	4%	8%	0%	6%
Gold Coast	Ghana	30%	12%	15%	5%	14%
Bight of Benin	Togo, Benin	0%	2%	1%	13%	2%
Bight of Biafra	Nigeria	0%	35%	9%	3%	17%
West Central Africa	Angola Congo	20%	17%	29%	17%	24%
Southeast Africa	Madagascar Mozambique	10%	2%	1%	6%	2%
Total		100%	100%	100%	100%	100%

Origin of 6th Great Grandparents Applying Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database

African Origin	Africa Today	Northern States	Virginia Maryland	South Carolina Georgia	Gulf Louisiana	American Colonies
Senegambia	Senegal Gambia	69	64	54	102	61
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone	26	8	44	41	31
Windward Coast	Ivory Coast	8	10	20	0	15
Gold Coast	Ghana	77	31	38	13	36
Bight of Benin	Togo, Benin	0	5	3	33	5
Bight of Biafra	Nigeria	0	90	23	8	41
West Central Africa	Angola Congo	51	44	72	44	61
Southeast Africa	Madagascar Mozambique	26	5	3	15	5
Total		256	256	256	256	256

Percent Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to American Colonies by Time Frame (disembarkation)

Time Period	Northern States	Virginia Maryland	South Carolina Georgia	Gulf Louisiana	American Colonies
1626-1650	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
1651-1675	4%	2%	0%	0%	1%
1676-1700	6%	7%	0%	0%	3%
1701-1725	5%	24%	3%	12%	10%
1726-1750	43%	42%	17%	22%	27%
1751-1775	40%	24%	36%	7%	31%
1776-1800	1%	0%	13%	13%	8%
1801-1810	1%	0%	32%	46%	20%
Total	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%

Primary migration periods

• North American slave trade (1619-1808)
• U.S. internal slave trade (1810-1860)
• Post-Civil War (1860-1910)
• Great migrations (1910-1960)
• Recent migration South (1970-2000)

Second Middle Passage (1810-1860)

• Over 1 million enslaved people moved or were sold to the South (George, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas).
• Virginia supplied 46% of exports, totaling 505,000 slaves.
• Maryland exported 33% of slaves in 1790-1820.
• South Carolina supplied 26% of exports in 1850-59.

Post-Civil War Period

• Most African-Americans continue to live in the South after 1870.
• In 1900, most of Southern born blacks in the North were born in Virginia and Kentucky.
• 100,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in the late 1870s and early 1880s.

Great Migrations

• 1.5 million African-Americans left the South during 30 years, 1910 to 1940.
• In the next 30 years, 1940 to 1970, nearly 5 million African-Americans moved North.
• Generally migrations out of the South were due North using an “Interstate” pattern (I-95, I-85, I-75, I-65, and I-55).
• They often maintained continuing contact with family members in the South.

Backtracking from North to South to Colonial to African areas of origin • Use 1920-1930 censuses in the North to find places of residence in Southern states. • Continue census searches to find the earliest locations using the 1870 and 1880 censuses. • Using the 1870 census for the applicable county in a Southern state, conduct a “no-name” search for black males born in 1790—see distribution of birth states as an indicator for original colonial area before the internal slave trade. For example, 76% of Autauga County, Alabama were born in Virginia. • Use colonial area in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade tables to find African areas of origin.

Bibliography:

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1969).

Eltis, David and others. The Transatlantic Slave Trade 1527-1867: a database on CD-ROM (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999).

Hackett, David and Kelly, James. Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (University of Virginia Press, 2000).

Littlefield, Daniel C. Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981).

Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).

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