Step-by-Step Virginia Research, 1880-Present
Research 1880--to the present Table of Contents |
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Step 1. Find out everything possible from living relatives and their family records.[edit | edit source]
Every good genealogy project starts with finding all the clues that can be gathered from living relatives — both from their memories and from documents or memorabilia in their homes.
What are the best questions to ask?[edit | edit source]
In order to extend research, ask for names, dates, and places. Everything about who a relative was and when and where they lived is a clue to a new record search. For ideas, see :
- 50 Questions to Ask Relatives About Family History at ThoughtCo.com
- Creating Oral Histories at FamilySearch Wiki
What documents should be collected or copied?[edit | edit source]
Because these records cover names, dates, places, and relationships, they are a valuable source of clues. Look for them in your home, your parents' home, and ask living grandparents to check for them.
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Step 2. Find ancestors in every possible census record, 1850-1950, online.[edit | edit source]
A census is a count and description of the population of a country, state, county, or city for a given date. A census took a "snapshot" of a family on a certain day. For each person living in a household (depending on the year). their name, age, birthplace, relationship to head of household, place of birth for father and mother, citizenship status, ye
Using the clues to lead to census record searches.[edit | edit source]
Here is the family, as expected, in the 1940 census, living in Shiloh, King George, Virginia.
They do not show up in the 1930 census index. But they are in the 1920 census of Shiloh.
Searching for the next generation[edit | edit source]
William L. Bowler was also born in Virginia. His age is given as 38 in the 1920 census. His birth is then calculated to be in 1888.
He should be listed in the 1900 census, approximately age 18.
There is a William L. Boulware listed in the 1900 census, in the home of his parents, Lomax and Mary J. Boulware in the town of Shiloh. No families appear with the "Bowler" spelling.
This appears to be William L. Bowler because it is the only family coming close to a similar surname.
More research in other record types will be needed to prove the connection.
There is no 1890 census. The name Lomax "Bolar" is unique enough to identify the same family, with even another surname spelling, in the 1880 census.
Look for ancestors in as many censuses as possible. Use the clues from each census for hints where to find families in both earlier and later census records.[edit | edit source]
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For more information, see Virginia Census and United States Census.
Step 3: Find birth, marriage, and death certificates for ancestors and their children.[edit | edit source]
States, counties, or (even towns in some states) recorded births, marriages, and deaths.
- In addition to the child's name, birth date, and place of birth, a birth certificate may give the birthplaces of the parents, their ages, and occupations. *A marriage certificate might list the parents of the bride and groom.
- A death certificate may give the person's birth date and place, parents' names and birthplaces, and spouse's name.
Using census clues to lead to a birth certificate.[edit | edit source]
Census information gives approximate birth years and probable birth places, and that information leads to finding important birth records.
Example of index entries leading to original certificates.
Using census clues to lead to a marriage certificate.[edit | edit source]
Finding marriage records can:
- establish the full identity of the wife, with her maiden name and possible birth details.
- find the names of the parents of the bride and groom.
Example of a marriage index entry.
Using the census clues to lead to a death certificate.[edit | edit source]
Moving forward in time, older generations stop showing up in the census. That is a clue that they probably died in the last 10 years. The death certificate is important because of all the possible secondary data beyond just the date and place of death:
- birth date and place of the deceased
- maiden name of the wife
- names of the deceased's parents
- birth places of the deceased's parents.
Example of a death certificate.
Some of the examples shown above are index entries. That means for each of them an actual, original, full certificate exists. It is highly advisable to order the original certificate. It will contain many details not given in the index. In some cases, the image of the original is found online. Instructions are given below on obtaining the original certificate in other cases.
Gather as many birth, marriage, and death records as possible.[edit | edit source]
How to Find the Records[edit | edit source]
There are basically three ways to find these indexes or full original certificates:
- online databases
- writing to a county courthouse (prior to the beginning of state civil registration)
- purchasing them through the mail at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC.gov
Online databases, usually indexes, with some images[edit | edit source]
Records at the County Courthouse.[edit | edit source]
These records were originally created by county clerks, and then copies were sent to the state. County clerks can be willing to help find all the birth records for one family or perform other searches that the state would not do. To contact county clerks by e-mail or telephone, go to the Wiki article for each county. Links to the county Wiki articles are found at the end of this page or by clicking here: Virginia Counties.
Order Certificates from Virginia Vital Records Department.[edit | edit source]
Almost always the full original certificate will contain information not contained in the index. Although it costs money, consider sending for the full original certificates, particularly for direct line ancestors (grandparents, great-grandparents, etc).
- Where to Write for Virginia Birth, Marriage, Death and Divorce Records at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC.gov
For more information on birth, marriage, and death records in Virginia, see How to Find Virginia Birth Records, How to Find Virginia Marriage Records, and How to Find Virginia Death Records.
Step 4: Try to find additional details about ancestors in obituaries, cemetery records, and Social Security records online.[edit | edit source]
There are additional record collections available, based upon a person's death: obituaries, cemetery records, and Social Security records. These are a great source for more details about a person. Here are some examples; notice the level of details.
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Gather as many obituaries, cemetery records, and Social Security records as possible.[edit | edit source]
Obituaries[edit | edit source]
- 1790-1940 Old Virginia Obituaries, 1790-1940 at VirginiaObits.Homestead.com — index
- 1980-2014 United States, GenealogyBank Obituaries, Births, and Marriages 1980-2014 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
- Online Virginia Death Records and Indexes at DeathIndexes.com — index
- Virginia Newspapers and Obituaries at LDS Genealogy — index
- Virginia Newspaper Obituaries Listings at ObituariesHelp.org — index
- Virginia Obituaries at ObitsArchive.com — index & images ($)
- Virginia USGenWeb Obituary Project at USGenWeb Archives — index
Cemeteries[edit | edit source]
- 1800-1986 Virginia, Jewish Cemetery Records Index, ca. 1800-1986 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index
- 1949-1969 United States, Cemetery Abstracts, 1949-1969 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index
- Arlington National Cemetery, ANC Explorer at Arlington Cemetery — index & images
- BillionGraves — index & images
- BillionGraves Index at FamilySearch — How to Use This Collection; index; Also at: Findmypast ($)
- Cemeteries of Some Virginia Counties at Cemetery Census — index & images
- FindaGrave — index & images
- Find a Grave Index at FamilySearch — How to Use This Collection; index; Also at: Ancestry ($)
- Online Virginia Death Records and Indexes at DeathIndexes.com — index
- Virginia Cemeteries at I Dream of Genealogy — index
- Virginia Cemeteries at USGenWeb Tombstones — index
- Virginia Cemetery Records at AccessGenealogy — index
- Virginia Cemetery Records at LDS Genealogy — index
- Virginia Death Records and Virginia Cemetery Records at Interment.net — index
- Virginia: Family History and Genealogy, Census, Birth, Marriage, Death Vital Records and More at Linkpendium — index
- Virginia Gravestone Photo Project at VirginiaGravestones.org — index & images
U.S. Social Security Death Index and Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1935-2014[edit | edit source]
- The U.S. Social Security program began in 1935 but most deaths recorded in the index happened after 1962.
- The Social Security Death index includes those who had a Social Security number and/or applied for benefits.
- You can search these records online at
- If you find an ancestor in the SSDI index, you can order a copy of their original Social Security application (SS-5). If you can prove the individual has died (by sending an obituary or copy of their cemetery headstone), the application will also give the deceased's parents' names, if listed.
For more information, see Virginia Obituaries and Virginia Cemeteries.
Step 5: Search military records: World War I and II draft cards.[edit | edit source]
There are many different types of military records: draft records, enlistment records, service records, pension records, etc. Information in military records can vary from a simple lists of name, age, and residence, to more detailed records including name, residence, age, occupation, marital status, birthplace, physical description, number of dependents, pensions received, disabled veterans, needy veterans, widows or orphans of veterans, and other information.
Search the World War I and World War II Draft Collections for male relatives.[edit | edit source]
- 1917-1918 United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
- 1942 United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
For more information and additional collections, see Virginia Military Records.
Step 6: Look for church records.[edit | edit source]
Church records function as vital records.
- An infant christening or baptism record documents a birth.
- Many, if not most, people are married in a church, and then a record is created by the minister.
- Likewise, ministers presided over funerals, then creating a burial record, which documents a death.
Church records are particularly helpful prior to the advent of civil registration in 1912.
Search for church records that can provide additional birth, marriage, and death information.[edit | edit source]
Indexes[edit | edit source]
- 1584-1917 Virginia Births and Christenings, 1584-1917 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index
- 1607-2007 Virginia, Historical Society Papers, 1607-2007 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
- 1660-1923 Virginia, U.S., Extracted Vital Records, 1660-1923 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- 1785-1940 Virginia Marriages, 1785-1940 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index; Also at: Ancestry ($), MyHeritage ($)
- 1853-1912 Virginia, Deaths and Burials, 1853-1912 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index
- 1853-1917 Virginia, U.S., Deaths and Burials Index, 1853-1917 at Ancestry — index ($)
- Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia With Index and Genealogical Guide, Vol. II at Ancestry — index & images ($)
Baptists[edit | edit source]
- Materials Towards a History of the Baptists in the Provinces of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, by Edwards, Morgan. n.p.: Morgan Edwards, 1772. Online at: South Carolina Digital Library
Protestant Episcopal (Anglican Church or Church of England)[edit | edit source]
- 1835-1941 Index to Marriage Notices in The Southern Churchman (Newspaper), 1835-1941, by Historical Records Survey (Virginia). Richmond, Virginia: Historical Records Survey of Virginia, 1942. Online at: Vol. 1 - FamilySearch Digital Library; Vol. 2 - FamilySearch Digital Library; Also at: FamilySearch Catalog
Lutheran[edit | edit source]
- 1781-1969 U.S., Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Church Records, 1781-1969 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
Quaker (Society of Friends)[edit | edit source]
- 1681-1935 U.S., Quaker Meeting Records, 1681-1935 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy. Vol. VI: (Virginia) at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- For help with church records kept in Virginia, see Virginia Church Records.
- To search records by denomination, if you know your ancestors religion, go to Searching for Church Records by Denomination.
Step 7: Search for online wills and probate packets.[edit | edit source]
- County probate records include probate proceedings, petitions, affidavits, orders for sales, reports of sales, administrators' and executors' bonds, guardianship papers, wills, and letters of administration.
- In a will book, usually just a transcription of the will is recorded. But all of these other records are kept in a probate packet.
- Administrations are probate proceedings that handled an estate if no known will existed.
Search these indexes and images for probate records.[edit | edit source]
- 1639-1850 Virginia, U.S., Land, Marriage, and Probate Records, 1639-1850 at Ancestry — index ($)
- Pre-1799 Virginia Wills before 1799 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Chancery Records Index at Virginia Memory, Library of Virginia — index
- Virginia Will Records at Ancestry — index & images ($)
Probate Information in County Articles[edit | edit source]
Each Virginia county Research Wiki page lists additional probate sources, including where to write for records: Virginia Counties
For more information, see Virginia Probate Records and United States Probate Records.
Step 8: If any ancestor was an immigrant, search immigration and naturalization records online.[edit | edit source]
The census records may show that an ancestor was born in another country. It will be necessary to try to find the town or city they were born in to continue research in the country of origin. Searches of immigration records (usually passenger lists) and naturalization (citizenship) records would be the next step.
Look for immigrant ancestors in shipping lists and citizenship sources.[edit | edit source]
Virginia Immigration Records[edit | edit source]
- 1904-1963 Virginia, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1904-1963 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- 1946-1957 Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels, 1946-1957 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
Virginia Naturalization and Citizenship Online Records[edit | edit source]
- 1840-1957 U.S., Naturalization Records, 1840-1957 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- 1901-1938 Virginia, U.S., Federal Naturalization Records, 1901-1938 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- 1906-1929 Virginia, Naturalization Petitions, 1906-1929 at FamilySearch — How to Use this Collection; index & images
Step 9: Search for printed local histories or biography collections online.[edit | edit source]
Local histories[edit | edit source]
- Published histories of towns, counties, and states usually contain biographies and accounts of early or prominent families.
- Here are several websites that feature online copies of printed county histories:
- Hathi Trust Digital Library. Don't use the keywords Virginia; that will bring up too many hits. Just use the name of the county and "county": for example, "Hyde County"
- Google Books. Use keywords "Virginia" and the county name. Hits will list online readable books, lists of libraries that carry the book, and purchasing opportunities.
- Family History Books
- Internet Archive. Use keywords "Virginia" and the county name.
- Genealogy Book Links, Virginia. Browse list; county histories are interspersed.
- Ancestry.com ($). In the Card Catalog search box, use Virginia and the name of the county.
FamilySearch Collected Local Histories[edit | edit source]
- Local histories are extensively collected by the FamilySearch Library, public and university libraries, and state and local historical societies.
- If you have access to the FamilySearch Library or a FamilySearch center, you can find local histories by:
Biography Collections[edit | edit source]
These collections of biographies can be searched online. Most have a table of contents and an index. Or use the "Find" function on a computer.
- 1640-1800 Virginia, Apprentice Index, 1640-1800 at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, by Tyler, Lyon Gardiner. New York, New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1915. Online at: Vol. 1 - FamilySearch Digital Library, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, Ancestry ($); Vol. 2 - FamilySearch Digital Library, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, Ancestry ($); Vol. 3 - FamilySearch Digital Library, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, Ancestry ($); Vol. 4 - FamilySearch Digital Library, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, Ancestry ($); Vol. 5 - FamilySearch Digital Library, HathiTrust, Internet Archive, Ancestry ($)
- Men of Mark in Virginia : Ideals of American Life; a Collection of Biographies of the Leading Men in the State, by Tyler, Lyon G. Washington, D. C.: Men of Mark Publishing Company, 1906. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust; Vol. 3 - HathiTrust; Vol. 4 - HathiTrust; Vol. 5 - HathiTrust
- Some Emigrants to Virginia, by Stanard, W. G. Richmond, VA: Bell Book and Stationary Company, 1911. Online at: HathiTrust
- Virginia and Virginians, Vol. I at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Virginia and Virginians, Vol. II at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Virginia, Biographical Encyclopedia at Ancestry — index ($)
- Virginia Biography, Volume I-II at Ancestry — index & images ($)
- Virginia, Colonial Planters (Published 1922) at Findmypast — index ($)
Step 10: Contact a local historical or genealogical society.[edit | edit source]
This online directory by GenealogyInc. lists historical and genealogical societies by county: Click on the list to select a county, then scroll down to the historical or genealogical society listings. Here is an example of an internet website for a local genealogical society. Step 11: Use other FamilySearch tools.[edit | edit source]Historical Images[edit | edit source]Records collected and digitized by FamilySearch can all be found through their Historical Images feature.
Virginia Online Genealogy Records[edit | edit source]Search any other online records listed in Virginia Online Genealogy Records. The steps given here are intended to list record sources which can most efficiently identify descendants. Many other online records which might or might not mention descendants are listed in the Virginia Online Genealogy Records page, including immigration records, land records, military records, newspapers, and probate records, and others. These can be records that cover a smaller group within the population, such as men who served in the military, etc.
Step 12: Study the Research Wiki pages for any county in Virginia.[edit | edit source]This article focused more on Virginia state or state-wide records. There is a separate Wiki article for each county in Virginia. These articles give information, office addresses, and links to county records.
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- Alexandria
- Bedford
- Bristol
- Buena Vista
- Charlottesville
- Chesapeake
- Clifton Forge
- Colonial Heights
- Covington
- Danville
- Emporia
- Fairfax
- Falls Church
- Franklin
- Fredericksburg
- Galax
- Hampton
- Harrisonburg
- Hopewell
- Lexington
- Lynchburg
- Manassas Park
- Martinsville
- Newport News
- Norfolk
- Norton
- Petersburg
- Poquoson
- Portsmouth
- Radford
- Richmond
- Roanoke
- Salem
- Staunton
- Suffolk
- Virginia Beach
- Waynesboro
- Williamsburg
- Winchester