Step-by-Step Pennsylvania Research, 1880-Present

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Step-by-step Pennsylvania
Research 1880--to the present

Table of Contents

1. Contact living relatives.
2. Online census records.
3. Births, marriages, and deaths online.
4. Obituary, cemetery and Social Security records online.
5. Military records online.
6. Church records.
7. Wills and probate.
8. Immigration records.
9. Printed local histories or biographies.
10. Historical or genealogical societies.
11. FamilySearch tools.
12. County records.


Step 1. Find out everything possible from living relatives and their family records.

Every good genealogy project starts with finding all the clues that can be gathered from living relatives — both from their memories and from documents or memorabilia in their homes.

What are the best questions to ask?

In order to extend research, ask for names, dates, and places. Everything about who a relative was and when and where they lived is a clue to a new record search. For ideas, see :

What documents should be collected or copied?

Because these records cover names, dates, places, and relationships, they are a valuable source of clues. Look for them in your home, your parents' home, and ask living grandparents to check for them.

  • Announcements of births, weddings,
    and anniversaries
  • Baby and wedding books
  • Certificates
  • Deeds, and property records
  • Family Bibles
  • Family reunion notices and records
  • Fraternal or society records
  • Insurance policies
  • Journals and diaries
  • Letters and cards
  • Licenses (business, marriage,
    fishing, driving)
  • Naturalization documents
  • Newspaper clippings and obituaries
  • Medical records
  • Military service and pension documents
  • Occupational awards
  • Passports
  • Personal histories and biographies
  • Photograph albums
  • Printed Notices and Announcements
  • Programs (graduation, award ceremonies, funerals)
  • School records
  • Scrapbooks
  • Wills and trusts


Step 2. Find ancestors in every possible census record, 1850-1950, online.

  • A census is a count and description of the population for a given date. A census took a "snapshot" of a family on a certain day.
  • For each person living in a household (depending on the year), their name, age, birthplace, relationship to head of household, place of birth for father and mother, citizenship status, year of immigration, mother of how many children and number of children living, native language, and whether they were a veteran of the military can be listed.
  • Searching for a family in census records every ten years can identify all the children in a family.
  • Searching in earlier census records to find someone as a child can identify parents.

Assume this obituary clipping is found in old home papers. It gives clues to which census records to begin searching. Bernard J. Kelly was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1921. He graduated from high school in 1941, so he could still be living with his parents in 1940.

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Use the clues found through family sources to lead to census record searches.

Bernard Kelly's parents were John and Catherine Rogan Kelly. Look for details about their birth year, state, and parents' names.
Research should start with the 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1950 censuses of Pennsylvania, probably for Wilkes-Barre, for Bernard living in his parents' home.


Here is the Kelly family, John J. and Catherine Kelly, and their children: Sarah A., , Edward J., John J., Jr., Bernard, Mary, Francis, Nancy, and Clara, as detailed in the 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1950 censuses of Pennsylvania.

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In this 1920 census, John and Catherine are living in the home of her mother, Mary Rogan. This will help when we begin searching the Rogan line, but for now we will focus on the Kelly line.

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Researching the older generation.

Next, look for John J. Kelly in earlier census records as a child in his parents' home. Census records show he was born in about 1892.



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  • In the 1910 census of Luzerne County (where the family has been in each census), he is an 18-year-old youth, living with his parents, John P. and Anna Kelly.
  • In the 1900 census, he is an 8-year-old child, in the home of his parents, John P. and Anna Kelly.
  • Listed in these two censuses are 9 of the 10 children born to this couple.
  • It is important that the census states that they immigrated to the U.S. in 1883.

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Look for ancestors in as many censuses as possible. Use the clues from each census for hints where to find families in both earlier and later census records.



For more information, see Pennsylvania Census and United States Census.

Step 3: Find birth, marriage, and death certificates for ancestors and their children.

States, counties, or even towns in some states recorded births, marriages, and deaths. In addition to the child's name, birth date, and place of birth, a birth certificate may give the birthplaces of the parents, their ages, and occupations. A death certificate may give the person's birth date and place, parents' names and birthplaces, and spouse's name.

Using census clues to lead to a birth certificate.

Census information gives approximate birth years and probable birth places, and that information leads to finding important birth records.

Example of Pennsylvania birth certificate.

Notice that the certificate gives the mother's maiden name and the birth places and ages of the parents.


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Using census clues to lead to a marriage certificate.

Finding marriage records can:

  • establish the full identity of the wife, with her maiden name and possible birth details.
  • find the names of the parents of the bride and groom.


Example of a Pennsylvania marriage certificate.



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Using the census clues to lead to a death certificate.

Moving forward in time, older generations stop showing up in the census. That is a clue that they probably died in the last 10 years. The death certificate is important because of all the possible secondary data beyond just the date and place of death:

  • birth date and place of the deceased
  • maiden name of the wife
  • names of the deceased's parents
  • birth places of the deceased's parents.

Example of Pennsylvania death certificate.


Notice that this death certificate gives us the names of John P. Kelly's parents: Peter Kelly and Bridget Mulgrew.
It also gives their birth place.

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Gather as many birth, marriage, and death records as possible.


How to Find the Records

There are basically three ways to find these indexes or full original certificates:

  • online databases
  • writing to a county courthouse (prior to the beginning of state civil registration)
  • purchasing them through the mail at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC.gov

Online databases, usually indexes, with some images.

Also, see How to Find Pennsylvania Birth Records.

Also, see How to Find Pennsylvania Marriage Records.

Also, see How to Find Pennsylvania Death Records.

Records at the County Courthouse.

These records were originally created by county clerks, and then copies were sent to the state. County clerks can be willing to help find all the birth records for one family or perform other searches that the state would not do. To contact county clerks by e-mail or telephone, go to the Wiki article for each county. Links to the county Wiki articles are found at the end of this page or by clicking here: Pennsylvania Counties.

Order Certificates from Pennsylvania Vital Records Department.

Almost always the full original certificate will contain information not contained in the index. Although it costs money, consider sending for the full original certificates, particularly for direct line ancestors (grandparents, great-grandparents, etc).

Step 4: Try to find additional details about ancestors in obituaries, cemetery records, and Social Security records online.

There are additional record collections available, based upon a person's death: obituaries, cemetery records, and Social Security records. These are a great source for more details about a person. Here are some examples; notice the level of details.

Obituary example.

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FindAGrave cemetery record example.

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Social Security example.

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Obituaries

Cemeteries

U.S. Social Security Death Index and Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007

  • The U.S. Social Security program began in 1935 but most deaths recorded in the index happened after 1962.
  • The Social Security Death index includes those who had a Social Security number and/or applied for benefits.
  • You can search these records online at
  • If you find an ancestor in the SSDI index, you can order a copy of their original Social Security application (SS-5). If you can prove the individual has died (by sending an obituary or copy of their cemetery headstone), the application will also give the deceased's parents' names, if listed.

For more information, see Pennsylvania Obituaries and Pennsylvania Cemeteries.

Step 5: Search military records: World War I and World War II draft cards.

There are many different types of military records: draft records, enlistment records, service records, pension records, etc. Information in military records can vary from a simple lists of name, age, and residence, to more detailed records including name, residence, age, occupation, marital status, birthplace, physical description, number of dependents, pensions received, disabled veterans, needy veterans, widows or orphans of veterans, and other information.


Example of a World War I draft card.


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Example of a World War II draft card.

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Search the World War I and World War II Draft Collections for male relatives.





For more information and additional collections, see Pennsylvania Military Records.

Step 6: Look for church records.

Church records function as vital records.

  • An infant christening or baptism record documents a birth.
  • Many, if not most, people are married in a church, and then a record is created by the minister.
  • Likewise, ministers presided over funerals, then creating a burial record, which documents a death.

Church records are particularly helpful prior to the advent of civil registration in 1906.


Example of a church marriage record.


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Search for church records that can provide additional birth, marriage, and death information.


FamilySearch Indexes

Ancestry.com

Findmypast Indexes

Catholic

Church of the Brethren

Congregational

Dutch Reformed

Episcopal/Anglican

Lutheran

Mennonite

Presbyterian

Quaker (Society of Friends)

Other



Step 7: Search for online wills and probate packets.

  • County probate records include probate proceedings, petitions, affidavits, orders for sales, reports of sales, administrators' and executors' bonds, guardianship papers, wills, and letters of administration.
  • In a will book, usually just a transcription of the will is recorded. But all of these other records are kept in a probate packet.
  • Administrations are probate proceedings that handled an estate if no known will existed.
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Search these indexes and images for probate records.



Currently, these records are digitized online:

Probate Information in County Pages

Each Pennsylvania county Research Wiki page lists additional probate sources, including where to write for records: Pennsylvania Counties


For more information, see Pennsylvania Probate Records and United States Probate Records.

Step 8: If any ancestor was an immigrant, search immigration and naturalization records online.

The census records may show that an ancestor was born in another country. It will be necessary to try to find the town or city they were born in to continue research in the country of origin. Searches of immigration records (usually passenger lists) and naturalization (citizenship) records would be the next step.

Example of a passenger list.

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Look for immigrant ancestors in shipping lists and citizenship sources.




Pennsylvania Immigration Records

Pennsylvania Naturalization and Citizenship Online Records


For more information, see Pennsylvania Emigration and Immigration.

Step 9: Search for printed local histories or biography collections online.

Local Histories

  • Published histories of towns, counties, and states sometimes contain biographies and accounts of early or prominent families.
  • Here are several websites that feature online copies of printed county histories: Pennsylvania; that will bring up too many hits. Just use the name of the county and "county": for example, "Hyde County"

FamilySearch Collected Local Histories

  • Go to the FamilySearch Catalog.
  • In the "Place" field, type the name of your county and click "Search".
  • A list of subheadings for the county will appear. Local histories containing genealogies and biographies will be found under Biography, Genealogy, History, or History - Indexes.

Biography Collections

These collections of biographies can be searched online. Most have a table of contents and an index. Or use the "Find" function on a computer.

  • American Biographical Library at Ancestry — index ($)
  • Biography Project at PA-Roots — index & images ($)
  • Century Cyclopedia of History and Biography of Pennsylvania, by Reed, George Irving. Chicago: Century Publishing and Engraving Company, 1904. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust
  • County and Town Histories, Pennsylvania at LearnWebSkills — index & images
  • Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Biography, of Pennsylvania, New York: Atlantic Publishing and Engraving Company, 1890-1898. Online at: Vol. 2 - HathiTrust; Vol. 3 - HathiTrust
  • Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Biography, Illustrated, by Jordan, John W. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1914-1921. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust; Vol. 3 - HathiTrust; Vol. 13 - HathiTrust
  • Genealogical and Personal History of Western Pennsylvania, by Jordan, John W. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust; Vol. 3 - HathiTrust
  • Memorial Encyclopedia of the State of Pennsylvania, by Ellis, James A. Philadelphia: American Historical Society, 1919. Online at: HathiTrust
  • Pennsylvania Biographies at HistoricPA.net — index
  • Prominent and Progressive Pennsylvanians of the Nineteenth Century, Philadelphia: Record Publishing Company, 1898. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust; Vol. 3 - HathiTrust
  • Some Pennsylvania Women During the War of the Revolution, by Egle, William Henry. Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1898. Online at: HathiTrust
  • The Biographical Encyclopædia of Pennsylvania of the Nineteenth Century, Philadelphia: Galaxy Publishing Company, 1874. Online at: HathiTrust
  • The Progressive Men of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, by Blanchard, Charles. Logansport, Ind.: A. W. Bowen and Co., 1900. Online at: Vol. 1 - HathiTrust; Vol. 2 - HathiTrust
  • Who's Who in Pennsylvania; A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries. V. 1, by Hamersley, Lewis R. New York: L. R. Hamersley Company, 1904. Online at: HathiTrust

Step 10: Contact a local historical or genealogical society.

  • County historical societies have collections that are frequently little known and often overlooked.
  • Many have a surname file, where they have collected genealogies, newspaper clippings, old photographs, etc.
  • Many have a sort of "pioneer ancestor" program, where people can submit pedigrees to prove they are the descendants of an early resident of the county.
  • Most keep track of queries about families that once lived in the area from other distant relatives who may actually have more family memorabilia than you.
  • If you can find the society on the internet, they may list their holdings. Or call them on the phone, find out what they have, and find out what arrangements can be made to search their collection. Frequently, you can hire one of their members to search the collection for you.
  • For more information, see Pennsylvania Societies.

The online directory by GenealogyInc. lists historical and genealogical societies by county: Click on the list to select a county, then scroll down to the historical or genealogical society listings.

Example of an internet website for a local genealogical society.



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Step 11: Use other FamilySearch tools.

Historical Images

Records collected and digitized by FamilySearch can all be found through their Historical Images feature.

Pennsylvania Online Genealogy Records

Search any other online records listed in Pennsylvania Online Genealogy Records. The steps given here are intended to list record sources which can most efficiently identify descendants. Many other online records which might or might not mention descendants are listed in the Pennsylvania Online Genealogy Records page, including immigration records, land records, military records, newspapers, and probate records, and others. These can be records that cover a smaller group within the population, such as men who served in the military, etc.



Step 12: Study the Research Wiki pages for any county in Pennsylvania.

This article focused more on Pennsylvania state or state-wide records. There is a separate Wiki article for each county in Pennsylvania. These articles give information, office addresses, and links to county records.