Poland Languages
Most materials used in Polish research are written in Polish. You do not need to speak or read Polish to do research in Polish records, but you should know some key words and phrases to understand the records. Because the Roman Catholic Church was the predominant religion in Poland, many records are in Latin. Other languages in Polish records include German and Russian.
Polish grammar may affect the way names appear in genealogical records. For example, names of your ancestors will vary from record to record in Polish.
For help in understanding name variations, see the “Names, Personal” section in this outline.
Alphabet[edit | edit source]
Aa Ąą Bb Cc Ćć Dd Ee Ęę Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Łł Mm Nn Ńń Oo Óó Pp Rr Ss Śś Tt Uu Ww Yy Zz Źź Żż
The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.
Pronunciation Guide[edit | edit source]
c = ts
ch,h = kh
ć,cz,ci = ch
ś,sz,si = sh
ż,zi,rz = zh
ą = om, on
ę = em, en
j = y
dz = j
ł = w
w = v
Language Aids[edit | edit source]
The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:
Kierst, W. English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary. New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.)
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary. New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)
Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:
Frazin, Judith R. A Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed. Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.)
To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use:
Shea, Jonathan D. Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed. Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)
The Polish genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at this link: http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp
Word List[edit | edit source]
This list contains Polish words with their English translations. The words included here are those that you are likely to find in genealogical sources. If the word you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary.
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czecslovakian. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.
- In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.
- In German Poland, most records were kept in German or Latin, though some were kept in Polish.
- In Austrian Poland, most records were kept in Latin. Some records were kept in German and some in Polish.
Polish is also used in the records kept in some Polish communities in the United States.
Polish records often contain Latin and German words. See the German Genealogical Word List (34067) and the Latin Genealogical Word List (34077). Or at the following link:http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp
Language Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Polish words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. Adjectives used to describe them must have the proper masculine, feminine, or neuter endings, for example:
stary maz-- old man
stara kobieta-- old woman
stare miasto-- old city
The endings of past tense verbs also change depending on the gender of the person or thing being described or performing the action. For example:
umarl-- he died
umarla-- she died
umarlo-- it [the child] died
Variant Forms of Words[edit | edit source]
In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.
The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).
Certain endings, called genitive, give the meaning "of" to a word. The following endings are typical:
Nouns Endings Adjectives
-a (masculine) -ego
-y or -i (feminine) -ej
-ów (plural) -ich or -ych
Thus, ojciec zmarlego means "father of the deceased."
Plural forms of Polish words usually change the singular word as follows:
Words ending in -a change to -y
Words ending in -o change to -a
A -y or -i is added to form the plural
The plural form may change the basic word, for example:
| Singular | Plural |
| miasto =city | miasta= cities |
| powiat =district | powiaty =districts |
| brat= brother | bracia =brothers |
| zona=wife | zony=wives |
Additional Resources[edit | edit source]
This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See the "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries" section in this outline.
The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:
Stanislawski, Jan. English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the Family History Library Catalog under:
POLISH LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES
Other dictionaries and language helps, such as Polish grammar books, are listed in the Locality section under:
POLAND - LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES
Key Words[edit | edit source]
To find and use specific types of Polish records, you will need to know some key words in Polish. This section gives key genealogical terms in English and the Polish words with the same or similar meanings.
For example, in the first column you will find the English word marriage. In the second column you will find Polish words with meanings such as marry, marriage, wedding, wedlock, unite, legitimate, joined, and other words used to indicate marriage.
| English | Polish |
| birth | urodzin, urodzony, urodzil, sie zrodzony |
| burial | pochowanie, pogrzeb |
| Catholic | rzymsko-katolicki |
| child | dziecie, dziecko |
| christening | chrzest, chrzciny, ochrzczone |
| death(s) | zgon(ów), zejsc, umarl, zmarl, smierci |
| father | ojciec |
| husband | maz, malzonek |
| index | indeks, skorowidz, register, spis |
| Jewish | zydowski, starozakonny, izraelici, mojzeszowy |
| marriage | malzenstw(o), slub(ów), zaslubionych |
| marriage banns | zapowiedzi |
| mother | matka |
| name, given | imie, imion |
| name, surname | nazwisko |
| parents | rodzice |
| parish | parafia |
| Protestant | ewangelicki, reformowany, protestancki, luteranski |
| wife | zona, malzonka, zamezna, kobieta |
| year |
Numbers[edit | edit source]
In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. In dates, ordinal numbers usually end with -ego, for example:
pierwszy the first pierwszego on the first (of the month)
Cardinal Ordinal
1 jeden, jedna 1st pierwszy 2 dwa 2nd drugi 3 trzy 3rd trzeci 4 cztery 4th czwarty 5 piec 5th piaty 6 szesc 6th szósty 7 siedem 7th siódmy 8 osiem 8th ósmy 9 dziewiec 9th dziewiaty 10 dziesiec 10th dziesiaty 11 jedenascie 11th jedenasty 12 dwanascie 12th dwunasty 13 trzynascie 13th trzynasty 14 czternascie 14th czternasty 15 pietnascie 15th pietnasty 16 szesnascie 16th szesnasty 17 siedemnascie 17th siedemnasty 18 osiemnascie 18th osiemnasty 19 dziewietnascie 19th dziewietnasty 20 dwadziescia 20th dwudziesty, dwódziesty 21 dwadziescia jeden 21st dwudziesty pierwszy 22 dwadziescia dwa 22nd dwudziesty drugi 23 dwadziescia trzy 23rd dwudziesty trzeci 24 dwadziescia cztery 24th dwudziesty czwarty 25 dwadziescia piec 25th dwudziesty piaty 26 dwadziescia szesc 16th dwudziesty szósty 27 dwadziescia siedem 27th dwudziesty siódmy 28 dwadziescia osiem 28th dwudziesty ósmy 29 dwadziescia dziewiec 29th dwudziesty dziewiaty 30 trzydziesci 30th trzydziesty 40 czterdziesci 40th czterdziesty 50 piecdziesiat 50th piecdziesiaty 60 szescdziesiat 60th szescdziesiaty 70 siedemdziesiat 70th siedemdziesiaty 80 osiemdziesiat 80th osiemdziesiaty 90 dziewiecdziesiat 90th dziewiecdziesiaty -100 sto 100th setny -200 dwiescie 200th dwóchsetny -300 trzysta 300th trzysetny, trzechsetny -400 czterysta 400th czterysetny, czterechsetny -500 piecset 500th piecsetny -600 szescset 600th szescsetny -700 siedemset 700th siedemsetny -800 osiemset 800th osiemsetny -900 dziewiecset 900th dziewiecsetny 1000 tysiac 1000th tysieczny
Dates and Time [edit | edit source]
In Polish records, dates are usually written out, for example:
roku tysiac osemset trzydziestego szóstego dnia dwódziestego trzeciego marca [in the year one thousand eight hundredth thirtieth and sixth on the day twentieth third of March (23 March 1836)] In some records, two dates are recorded:
dnia piatego/siedemnastego Maja [on the day 5th/17th of May] The two dates are usually 12 days apart. The first date is based on the Julian calendar (used by the Russian Empire). The second date is based on the present-day Gregorian calendar.
To understand Polish dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section.
Months
Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as 13.VI.1864 instead of 13.czerwca.1864.
English Polish
I. January stycznia II. February lutego III. March marca IV. April kwietnia V. May maja VI. June czerwca VII July lipca VIII. August sierpnia IX September wrzesnia X. October pazdziernika XI. November listopada XII. December grudnia
Days of the Week
English Polish Sunday niedziela Monday poniedzialek Tuesday wtorek Wednesday sroda Thursday czwartek Friday piatek Saturday sobota
Times of the Day
Polish birth and death records often indicate the exact time of day when the birth or death occurred. This is usually written out.
Polish English o godzinie drugiej at the 2nd hour o godzinie siódmej at the 7th hour w nocy at night poludnie/w poludnie noon popoludniu/z poludnia afternoon przed poludniem forenoon pólnocna godzina midnight rano/z rana in the morning wieczorem/w wieczór in the evening
General Word List[edit | edit source]
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections that follow this list.
In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.
| Polish | English |
| aby | so that |
| adoptowany | adopted |
| akatolicki | non-Catholic |
| akt | an entry in a register, record |
| akta małżenstw akta ślubów | marriage records |
| akta urodzin | birth records |
| akta zapowiedzi | banns records |
| akta zejść | death records |
| akta zgonów | death records |
| akuszerka | midwife |
| albo | or |
| ale | but |
| archiwum | archive |
| asystencya | assistance |
| austriacki | Austrian |
| Polish | English |
| babka | grandmother |
| bakałarz | teacher, bachelor |
| bałtycki | Baltic |
| będą | they will |
| będzie | he/she/it will |
| bez | without |
| bezdzietny | childless |
| bezimienny | unnamed, nameless |
| białoruski | Belorussian |
| biały | white |
| biegunka | diarrhea, dysentery |
| bierzmowanie | confirmation |
| bieżący | current (of the current year) |
| biskup | bishop |
| bliski | near |
| bliżnięta | twins |
| błogosławil | blessed |
| błogosławiony | blessed, the late |
| bo | because |
| bóg | the Lord |
| bólu | of pain |
| bożnica | synagogue |
| Boży | the Lord's |
| bracia | brothers |
| brak | lack of, is missing |
| brat | brother |
| bratanek | nephew |
| bratanica | niece |
| bratowa | sister-in-law |
| brzemienna | pregnant |
| burmistrz | mayor |
| być | to be |
| był | was (were) |
| Polish | English |
| cały | entire |
| ceglarz | brick maker |
| cesarski | imperial |
| cesarstwo | empire |
| chałupnik | cottager, poor peasant |
| chce | he wants |
| chłop | peasant, country fellow |
| chłopiec | boy |
| choroba | disease |
| chrzczony | christened |
| chrzest | christening |
| chrzestna, chrzestny | godparents |
| chwilowo | temporarily |
| ciocia (ciotka) | aunt |
| cementarz | cemetery, churchyard |
| co | what |
| córka | daughter |
| cudzoziemski | foreign |
| cukrzyca | diabetes |
| cyrkul | district (of a city), ward |
| cyrulnik | barber-surgeon |
| czarny | black |
| czas | time |
| czasopismo | magazine, periodical |
| czasowo | temporarily |
| czemu | why |
| czerwca | of June |
| czerwony | red |
| część | part, portion |
| czeski | Czech |
| często | often |
| członek | member |
| czterdzieści | forty |
| czterdziesty | fortieth |
| czterechsetny | four hundredth |
| czternaście | fourteen |
| czternasty | fourteenth |
| cztery | four |
| czterysetny | four hundredth |
| czterysta | four hundred |
| czwartek | Thursday |
| czwarty | fourth |
| czy | whether (introduces a question) |
| czyli | or |
| czynszownik | renter |