Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (Montana)

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Indigenous People of Montana

Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (Montana)

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The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation is a federally-recognized reservation, located in north-central Montana, between Havre and Glasgow. It is primarily in Blaine County, with a smaller portion in Phillips County.

Established -- September 17, 1851 and 17 Oct. 1855

Agency (BIA) -- Fort Belknap Indian Agency at Harlem, Montana

Principal tribes -- Assiniboine and the Grosventre (Atsina), Blackfeet Indians, and the Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians, Montana

Population --  2010 census is 2,704 (when including mixed bloods it's 2,738) - Does not include non Indians 1969: Tribal enrollment 3,557.

History

Fort Belknap Reservation was established by Treaty of Oct. 17, 1855; unratified treaties of July 18, 1866, and July 13, and 15 and Sept. 1, 1868; Executive orders, July 5, 1873, and Aug. 19,1874; an act of Apr. 15, 1874; Executive orders, Apr. 13, 1875, and July 13,1880; agreement made Jan. 21, 1887, approved by Congress May 1, 1888; and an agreement made Oct. 9, 1895, approved by act of June 10, 1896.

The area of the reservation in 1908 was 497,600 acres.

Land records: Tribally-owned 162,932.63 adres.  Allotted land: 427,579.93.

Fort Belknap Reservation is within the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851 and approved on October 17, 1855. Little Shell Blackfeet Chippewa leaders continued to govern the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851, well into the early 20th century.

In 1921, a meeting was held at Joseph Paul's family's ranch near Lewistown, Montana. It was probably about filing a land claims lawsuit about the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851. However, the Little Shell Blackfeet Chippewa's continued to govern the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851.

On June 10, 1939, another meeting was held at Joseph Paul's home in Great Falls, Montana. Even during 1939, they were assigning district representatives for the original Blackfeet Reservation which was created on September 17, 1851.

After World War II, many of the Little Shell Blackfeet Chippewa leaders became despondent and commenced to act on their own. In 1950, Joseph Dussome gave up and hired a lawyer and then filed a land claims lawsuit about the original Blackfeet Reservation created on September 17, 1851. On April 5, 1974, the United States again refused to honor the treaty which created the Little Shell Blackfeet Chippewa's original Blackfeet Reservation which the Fort Belknap Reservation is within.

Communities

Fort Belknap Agency: 2010 population is 1,293. Indians make up 96.6% of the population of Fort Belknap Agency. There are three distinct communities which make up Fort Belknap Agency. About a half a mile south of the main community of Fort Belknap Agency is a cluster of housing units. It's population is a part of Fort Belknap Agency. About a half a mile south of Central Fort Belknap Agency is another cluster of housing units. It's population is also a part of Fort Belknap Agency. It covers 45.76 sq. mi. which is a lot of land.

Hays: 2010 population is 843. Indians make up 93.2% of the population of Hays. Like Fort Belknap Agency, Hays is made up of at least four distinct communitites. About 0.9 miles to the southeast of the main area of Hays, is a cluster of housing units. It's population is a part of Hays. About 0.8 miles to the northeast of the main area of Hays, is another cluster of Housing units. It's population is a part of Hays. About 3.9 miles north of the main area of Hays, is another cluster of housing units. It's population is a part of Hays. Hays covers 27.05 sq. mi. It covers a large area.

Lodge Pole: 2010 population is 265. Indians make up 97% of the population. Like both Fort Belknap Agency and Hays, Lodge Pole is made up of three distinct communities. About 0.4 miles southeast of the main area of Lodge Pole is a cluster of housing units. It's population is a part of Lodge Pole. About 0.8 miles north of the main area of Lodge Pole is a new cluster of housing units. It's population is a part of Lodge Pole.

There are at least 10 distinct communities on the Fort Belknap Reservation. However, Reservation leaders follow County and State laws. Reservation leaders should have full authority over the 10 communities. They should issue each distinct community it's own community name and define each communities borders or village limits. They should also give each community the power of jurisdiction, or allow the citizens of each community to elect their community leaders.

Population Growth History

In 1901, the population of Fort Belknap Reservation was 1,290. In 1930, or about 4 years before the Indian Reorganization Act was voted on and accepted at Fort Belknap Reservation, the Indian population of Fort Belknap Reservation was 1,367.It increased by only 77 during that 30 year period. That is only a 6% population gain in 30 years which means something went wrong. There may have been an unknown forced relocation of the more hostile Indians at Fort Belknap Reservation, to other Reservations. In 1908, a new Chippewa Reservation which covered over 2,000 sq. mi., was set aside in Valley County, Montana which is a few miles east of Fort Belknap Reservation. However, opposition from white settlers eradicated the Valley County, Montana Chippewa Reservation within a year. It may have had links to Fort Belknap Reservation.

In 2010, the Indian population of Fort Belknap Reservation was 2,738. It decreased from 2,813 in the 2000 census, by 75. Many of the Indian citizens of Fort Belknap Reservation have moved to Harlem, Montana which is about 2 miles north of the Fort Belknap Reservation. Harlem, Montana is now a predominantly Indian city. Harlem, Montana has a population of 808 according to the 2010 census. Indians make up 52.35% of the population of Harlem. When including mixed bloods, the Indian population of Harlem, Montana is 58%. And Dodson, Montana, which is a couple of miles northeast of Fort Belknap Reservation, is another predominantly Indian city. Dodson has a population of 124 according to the 2010 census. Indians make up 49.19% of the population of Dodson. When including mixed bloods, it's 55.64%. Zortman, Montana, which nearly borders Fort Belknap Reservation on the south, also has a significant Indian population. Of Zortman's 2010 population of 69, Indians make up 18.84% of the small communities population but 26.09% when including mixed bloods.

Records

Many of the records of individual Indians living on the Fort Belknap Reservation were kept by the Fort Belknap Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Others are kept by the Tribal Office.

References

3. The Confderation of American Indians.  Indian Reservations A State and Federal Handbook c. 1986

ISBM 0-89950-200-8  

Bibliography

• Confederation of American Indians. Indian Reservations: A State and Federal Handbook. Jefferson, North Caroline: McFarland & Co., c1986. WorldCat 14098308; FHL book 970.1 In2.
  
• Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30, 1906. This publication lists the 22 states which had reservations in 1908. Available online.
• Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1902. 7 volumes. WorldCat 74490963; FHL book 970.1 K142i.  Available online.
  
• Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332; FHL book 970.1 R259e.
• Prucha, Francis Paul. Atlas of American Indian Affairs. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1991 WorldCat 257331735; FHL book 970.1 P95aa
• Prucha, Francis Paul, ed. Documents of United States Indian Policy. 3rd Edition. Lincoln, Nebraska: Univeresity of Nebraska Press, 2000. WorldCat 50416280; FHL book 970.1 P95d.
• Prucha, Francis Paul. Guide to the Military Posts of the United States, 1789-1895. Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, c1964. WorldCat 522839; FHL book 973 M2pf.
• Schmeckebier, Laurance F. The Office of Indian Affairs: Its History, Activities, and Organization. Service Monographs of the United States Government; no. 48. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1927. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1972.  WorldCat 257893; FHL book 973 B4b v. 48.
  
• Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978– .
  

Volume 1 -- Not yet published

Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751

Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371

Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.4.

Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.5.

Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.6.

Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311

Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.8.

Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.9.

Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.10.

Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.11.

Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.12.

Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643

Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176

Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.15.

Volume 16 -- Not yet published

Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746

Volume 18 -- Not yet published

Volume 19 -- Not yet published

Volume 20 -- Not yet published

• Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde. American Indian Reservations and Trust Areas. [Washington, DC]: Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1996. WorldCat 35209517; FHL book 970.1 T463a.
  
• United States Department of Commerce, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary. Federal and State Reservations and Trust Areas. 1974. FHL book 970.1 Un3fe/1974.
• United States Department of the Interior. Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reservations. Washington: [United States] Government Printing Office, 1912 (v. 1), 1922 (v. 2). Vol. 1 – May 14, 1855 to July 1, 1912. Vol. 2 – July 1, 1912 to July 1, 1922. FHL film 1440543 Items 8-9.
  
• United States Federal and State Indian Reservations, Map. Available online.
  
• Waldman, Carl. Atlas of the North American Indian. New York: Facts on File, 2009. 3rd ed. WorldCat 244771132; FHL book 970.1 W146a 2009.
• Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193; FHL book 970.1 W146e 2006.