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The National Archives (Archives) in Washington, D.C. has records of genealogical value. The Federal government took the census every ten years since 1790 and is a very good source of information for individuals who are trying to identify their ancestors. Census records from 1790-1920 are available on microfilm in the National Archives' regional branches. Seventeen branch offices are in major metropolitan areas throughout the country. A brochure describing the branch offices is available from:
The National Archives (Archives) in Washington, D.C. has records of genealogical value. The Federal government took the census every ten years since 1790 and is a very good source of information for individuals who are trying to identify their ancestors. Census records from 1790-1920 are available on microfilm in the National Archives' regional branches. Seventeen branch offices are in major metropolitan areas throughout the country. A brochure describing the branch offices is available from:


'''National Archives and Records Administration'''<br />Publication and Distribution Staff (NECD) <br />Room G-3<br />Eighth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW<br />Washington, D.C. 20408-0001.
'''National Archives and Records Administration'''<br>Publication and Distribution Staff (NECD) <br>Room G-3<br>Eighth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW<br>Washington, D.C. 20408-0001.


The National Archives also has military and service related records, passenger arrival records, and other records of value to persons involved in genealogical research. A copy of the free leaflet, Genealogical Records in the National Archives is available on request.
The National Archives also has military and service related records, passenger arrival records, and other records of value to persons involved in genealogical research. A copy of the free leaflet, Genealogical Records in the National Archives is available on request.


The National Archives at [http://www.nara.gov/ www.nara.gov] has various publications for sale. The Archives have microfilmed all censuses. Individuals can purchase copies of the microfilm rolls and associated genealogical materials. Various rolls of microfilm are available for rental at the National Archives. The telephone number for rental and sales requests is 1-800-234-8861.
The National Archives at [http://www.nara.gov/ www.nara.gov]&nbsp;has various publications for sale. The Archives have microfilmed all censuses. Individuals can purchase copies of the microfilm rolls and associated genealogical materials. Various rolls of microfilm are available for rental at the National Archives. The telephone number for rental and sales requests is 1-800-234-8861.


=== Records Concerning American Indians ===
=== Records Concerning American Indians ===
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If you know what tribe your ancestor belonged to, and if your ancestor stayed with the tribe, and if they were recognized by that tribe as a member, and if the agent kept good records, and if those records were not destroyed by a fire or some other calamity, you shold start your research with National Archives Microfilm Publication M595 (FHL book 973 J53m No. 595), which reproduces the "Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940." Agents were required by an act of Congress of 4 July 1884 to submit these census rolls annually. They generally contain each Indian's name ("English" and/or "Indian"), age or date of birth, sex, and relationship to the head of the family.
If you know what tribe your ancestor belonged to, and if your ancestor stayed with the tribe, and if they were recognized by that tribe as a member, and if the agent kept good records, and if those records were not destroyed by a fire or some other calamity, you shold start your research with National Archives Microfilm Publication M595 (FHL book 973 J53m No. 595), which reproduces the "Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940." Agents were required by an act of Congress of 4 July 1884 to submit these census rolls annually. They generally contain each Indian's name ("English" and/or "Indian"), age or date of birth, sex, and relationship to the head of the family.


Beginning in 1930, most rolls include degree of blood and marital status. The Select Catalog (''American Indians: a select catalog of National Archives microfilm publications''<nowiki>: FHL book 970.1 A3a) provides a list of the contents of each of the 92 rolls of microfilm. Unfortunately, M595 does not include any rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole) except for an 1885 Choctaw census (which is on roll 623). If you find an ancestor in one of these rolls you are well on your way to doing your Native American research.</nowiki>
Beginning in 1930, most rolls include degree of blood and marital status. The Select Catalog&nbsp;(''American Indians: a select catalog of National Archives microfilm publications''<nowiki>: FHL book 970.1 A3a) provides a list of the contents of each of the 92 rolls of microfilm. Unfortunately, M595 does not include any rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole) except for an 1885 Choctaw census (which is on roll 623). If you find an ancestor in one of these rolls you are well on your way to doing your Native American research.</nowiki>


=== Dawes Rolls ===
=== Dawes Rolls ===
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These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html
These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html


The M595 publication will only take you back to 1885. Depending on the tribe you are researching, there are probably earlier census or annuity rolls and the Field Branch that has the agent's records that can probably give you information about them. In general, the earlier the roll the less data it contains. In many cases, the agent only listed the Indian's name and perhaps the amount of money he or she received. Unfortunately, the "roll numbers" from one list seldom have any relation to earlier or later rolls and will not help you make positive identifications.
The M595 publication will only take you back to 1885. Depending on the tribe you are researching, there are probably earlier census or annuity rolls and the Field Branch that&nbsp;has the agent's records that&nbsp;can probably give you information about them. In general, the earlier the roll the less data it contains. In many cases, the agent only listed the Indian's name and perhaps the amount of money he or she received. Unfortunately, the "roll numbers" from one list seldom have any relation to earlier or later rolls and will not help you make positive identifications.


One source of lists of names that is often overlooked is the Congressional Serial Set, which contains documents received by Congress from various sources (primarily agencies of the Executive Branch) and reports published by Congressional committees. Many of these documents relate to claims against the government for Indian depredations or claims by Indians for rights under treaties. Some documents include lists of Indians but seldom provide much genealogical information. Steven L. Johnson's ''Guide to American Indian Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899'' (FHL book 970.1 J637g) is an essential tool to using these documents.
One source of lists of names that is often overlooked is the Congressional Serial Set, which contains documents received by Congress from various sources (primarily agencies of the Executive Branch) and reports published by Congressional committees. Many of these documents relate to claims against the government for Indian depredations or claims by Indians for rights under treaties. Some documents include lists of Indians but seldom provide much genealogical information. Steven L. Johnson's ''Guide to American Indian Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899'' (FHL book 970.1 J637g)&nbsp;is an essential tool to using these documents.


=== Pre-Federal Records ===
=== Pre-Federal Records ===
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Prior to the Civil War (1861-1865) there are relatively few rolls of Cherokee citizens. In ''Occupying the Cherokee Country of Oklahoma'' (published by the University of Nebraska in 1978) Leslie Hewes estimates that there may have been as many as 22,000 Cherokees living in the Southeast prior to the arrival of European settlers. Unfortunately for genealogists, no one made lists of their names. As early as 1792, some Cherokees began moving west as the area of European settlement expanded and the national Archives has "emigration rolls" for the period 1817-1838, which contain the names of people who wished to relocate. Many of these rolls have been transcribed by Jack D. Baker and published in 1977 by the Baker Publishing Company in Oklahoma City, ''Cherokee emigration rolls, 1817-1835'' (FHL book 970.3 C424e).
Prior to the Civil War (1861-1865) there are relatively few rolls of Cherokee citizens. In ''Occupying the Cherokee Country of Oklahoma'' (published by the University of Nebraska in 1978) Leslie Hewes estimates that there may have been as many as 22,000 Cherokees living in the Southeast prior to the arrival of European settlers. Unfortunately for genealogists, no one made lists of their names. As early as 1792, some Cherokees began moving west as the area of European settlement expanded and the national Archives has "emigration rolls" for the period 1817-1838, which contain the names of people who wished to relocate. Many of these rolls have been transcribed by Jack D. Baker and published in 1977 by the Baker Publishing Company in Oklahoma City, ''Cherokee emigration rolls, 1817-1835'' (FHL book 970.3 C424e).


The first major census of Cherokees living in North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee was taken by the Federal government, was compiled from June to December 1834, and is generally called the Henderson Roll. The roll only lists the name of the head of each family. An index to it has been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication T496 (FHL film 833322).
The first major census of Cherokees living in North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee was taken by the Federal government, was compiled from June to December 1834, and is generally called the Henderson Roll. The roll&nbsp;only lists the name of the head of each family. An index to it has been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication T496 (FHL film 833322).


From 1835-1837 the Cherokees living in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma were joined by thousands of Cherokees who moved under the terms of the treaty of New Echota, signed on 29 December 1835. The Old Settlers Roll of 1851 and the Drennen Payment Roll of 1851 are the best sources of the names of people who voluntarily moved west. They are both reproduced on the Old Setters Roll (FHL book 970.3 C424wa) and their heirs who received a payment resulting from a decision of the U.S. Court of Claims of 6 June 1893. The payment roll has been microfilmed by the Fort Worth Branch of the National Archives (control number 7RA34) (FHL film 830420) and an index to the roll is available as National Archives Microfilm Publication T985 (FHL film 830419).
From 1835-1837 the Cherokees living in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma were joined by thousands of Cherokees who moved under the terms of the treaty of New Echota, signed on 29 December 1835. The Old Settlers Roll of 1851 and the Drennen Payment Roll of 1851 are the best sources of the names of people who voluntarily moved west. They are both reproduced on the Old Setters Roll (FHL book 970.3 C424wa) and their heirs who received a payment resulting from a decision of the U.S. Court of Claims of 6 June 1893. The payment roll has been microfilmed by the Fort Worth Branch of the National Archives (control number 7RA34) (FHL film 830420) and an index to the roll is available as National Archives Microfilm Publication T985 (FHL film 830419).


Most Cherokees, however, refused to relocate because to do so would mean the government could confiscate any land in their possession. These Cherokees were forcibly moved by the Federal government in 1838-1839 in what has come to be called the Trail of Tears. There is no consolidated list of all the people on the Trail of Tears (or their descendants), but the national Archives in Washington, D.C. does have numerous muster rolls prepared by the military officers in charge of the removal parties. Robert S. Cotterill's ''The Southern Indians'' (FHL book 970.1 C828s) is an excellent source of information about the Five Civilized Tribes before removal. Also, the numerious footnotes to the various books by Grant Foreman are a source of valuable information about the tribes both before and after removal. One excellent source by Grant Foreman is ''The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole'' (FHL book 970.1 F761f).
Most Cherokees, however, refused to relocate because to do so would mean the government could confiscate any land in their possession. These Cherokees were forcibly moved by the Federal government in 1838-1839 in what has come to be called the Trail of Tears. There is no consolidated list of all the people on the Trail of Tears (or their descendants), but the national Archives in Washington, D.C. does have numerous muster rolls prepared by the military officers in charge of the removal parties. Robert S. Cotterill's ''The Southern Indians'' (FHL book 970.1 C828s) is an excellent source of information about the Five Civilized Tribes before removal. Also,&nbsp;the numerious footnotes to the various books by Grant Foreman are a source of valuable information about the tribes both before and after removal. One excellent source by Grant Foreman is ''The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole'' (FHL book 970.1 F761f).


=== 1900 Census ===
=== 1900 Census ===


If you do not find your ancestor's name listed in the "final rolls" and you are sure they were living in Indian Territory, you should check the Soundex index to the 1900 Federal population census of the area that has been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication T1081. The index will tell you exactly where the person is listed in the actual census schedules, which are reproduced as rolls 1843-1854 of T623. By 1900 there were almost four times as many non-Indians in Indian Territory as there were Indians. Therefore, you may find that the ancester has been enumerated by the federal census taker as "white."
If you do not find your ancestor's name listed in the "final rolls" and you are sure they were living in Indian Territory, you should check the Soundex index to the 1900 Federal population census of the area that has been reproduced as National Archives Microfilm Publication T1081. The index will tell you exactly where the person is listed in the actual census schedules, which&nbsp;are reproduced as rolls 1843-1854 of T623. By 1900 there were almost four times as many non-Indians in Indian Territory as there were Indians. Therefore, you may find that the ancester has been enumerated by the federal census taker as "white."


== Soundex Indexes ==
== Soundex Indexes ==
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'''Steps To Do It Yourself'''
'''Steps To Do It Yourself'''


{| class="plain"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
| '''Instructions '''
|-
| '''Examples '''
| '''Instructions&nbsp;'''
| '''Examples&nbsp;'''
| '''Ancestor's Surname'''
| '''Ancestor's Surname'''
|-
|-
| 1. Write the family surname in the far right  <br />column of this chart, but '''omit the letters H and'''<br />'''W''' if they are not the first letter.
| 1.&nbsp;Write the family surname in the far right&nbsp; <br>column of this chart, but '''omit the letters H and'''<br>'''W''' if they are not the first letter.
| ASHCROFT = ASCROFT  <br />CARWRIGHT = CARRIGT    <br />
| ASHCROFT = ASCROFT&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>CARWRIGHT&nbsp;= CARRIGT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
| <br />
| <br>
|-
|-
| 2. Write the first letter of the surname in the first blank.
| 2.&nbsp;Write the first letter of the surname in the first blank.
| ASCROFT = A-_ _ _<br /> CARRIGT = C-_ _ _
| ASCROFT = A-_ _ _<br>&nbsp;CARRIGT = C-_ _ _
|
| <center>_-_ _ _</center>
<center>_-_ _ _</center>
|-
|-
| 3. Cross out the remaining vowels (A, E, I, O, U, or Y).
| 3. Cross out the remaining vowels (A, E, I, O, U, or Y).
| ASCROFT = A-SCRFT<br /> CARRIGT = C-RRGT
| ASCROFT = A-SCRFT<br>&nbsp;CARRIGT = C-RRGT
| <br />
| <br>
|-
|-
| 4. If there are any double letters, cross out one of them.
| 4. If there are any double letters, cross out one of them.
| CRRGT = C-RGT
| CRRGT = C-RGT
| <br />
| <br>
|-
|-
| 5. If there are any consonants side by side when the <br />same code number (see the Soundex Code key below), <br />cross out all but one of those consonants.
| 5. If there are any consonants side by side when the <br>same code number (see the Soundex Code key below), <br>cross out all but one of those consonants.
| ASCRFT = A-SRFT
| ASCRFT = A-SRFT
| <br />
| <br>
|-
|-
| 6. Using the Soundex Code Key below, assign a Soundex <br />code to the first three of the remaining letters. Soundex <br />codes have one letter and three numbers.
| 6. Using the Soundex Code Key below, assign a Soundex <br>code to the first three of the remaining letters. Soundex <br>codes have one letter and three numbers.
| ASRFT = A-261<br />       CRGT = C-623
| ASRFT = A-261<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CRGT = C-623
| <br />
| <br>
|-
|-
| 7. Stop coding after you have three numbers. If a name <br />does not have enough numbers, add zeros to make <br />three digits. For example, the Soundex code for Haley <br />is H400.
| 7. Stop coding after you have three numbers. If a name <br>does not have enough numbers, add zeros to make <br>three digits. For example, the Soundex code for Haley <br>is H400.
| <br />
| <br>
| Ancestor's <br />Soundex code _-_ _ _
| Ancestor's <br>Soundex code _-_ _ _
|}
|}


=== Soundex Code Key ===
=== Soundex Code Key ===


{| class="plain"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
| '''Letter in surname         '''
|-
| '''Letter in surname&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;'''
| '''Code'''
| '''Code'''
|-
|-
| B, P, F, V
| B, P, F, V
|
| <center>1</center>
<center>1</center>
|-
|-
| C, S, K, G, J, Q, X, Z
| C, S, K, G, J, Q, X, Z
|
| <center>2</center>
<center>2</center>
|-
|-
| D, T
| D, T
|
| <center>3</center>
<center>3</center>
|-
|-
| L
| L
|
| <center>4</center>
<center>4</center>
|-
|-
| M, N
| M, N
|
| <center>5</center>
<center>5</center>
|-
|-
| R
| R
|
| <center>6</center>
<center>6</center>
|}
|}


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[http://www.censusrecords.net/?o_xid=27399&o_lid=27399 http://www.censusrecords.net/?o_xid=27399&amp;o_lid=27399]
[http://www.censusrecords.net/?o_xid=27399&o_lid=27399 http://www.censusrecords.net/?o_xid=27399&amp;o_lid=27399]
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