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 '''Railroad competition.''' The heyday of wagon roads into central New York was the early 1800s before the coming of the railroads in the 1840s and 1850s.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_and_Boston_Railroad Hudson and Boston Railroad]] in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'' (accessed 23 October 2014).</ref> Railroads were faster, less expensive, and safer to use than overland wagon roads. As railroads entered an area, the long distance overland wagon roads (especially the toll roads) normally became less used. Railroads like the following began moving settlers and replaced much of the wagon road traffic in the area:
-{{Block indent|*1831 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_and_Schenectady_Railroad Mohawk and Hudson Railroad] (Albany, NY - Buffalo, NY) }}
+:*1831 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_and_Schenectady_Railroad Mohawk and Hudson Railroad] (Albany, NY - Buffalo, NY)
-{{Block indent|*1833 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_and_New_Haven_Railroad Hartford and New Haven Railroad] (Hartford, CT - New Haven, CT) }}
+:*1833 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_and_New_Haven_Railroad Hartford and New Haven Railroad] (Hartford, CT - New Haven, CT)
-{{Block indent|*1836 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad] (Albany, NY - West Stockbridge, MA) }}
+:*1836 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad] (Albany, NY - West Stockbridge, MA)
-{{Block indent|*1836 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housatonic_Railroad Housatonic Railroad] (Bridgeport, CT - Hudson and Berkshire Railroad) }}
+:*1836 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housatonic_Railroad Housatonic Railroad] (Bridgeport, CT - Hudson and Berkshire Railroad)
-{{Block indent|*1838 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_and_Boston_Railroad Hudson and Berkshire Railroad] (Hudson, NY - Housatonic Railroad) }}
+:*1838 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_and_Boston_Railroad Hudson and Berkshire Railroad] (Hudson, NY - Housatonic Railroad)
-{{Block indent|*1841 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad Boston and Albany Railroad] (Boston-Worcester-Sprinfield-Pittsfield-Albany)}}
+:*1841 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Albany_Railroad Boston and Albany Railroad] (Boston-Worcester-Sprinfield-Pittsfield-Albany)
 === Route  ===
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 *'''''[[Catskill Turnpike]] ''''' (aka '''Susquehannah Turnpike ''') from Catskill, NY to Unadilla, NY; route travelled by Europeans by 1792; toll booths opened by 1804.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_turnpikes_in_New_York List of turnpikes in New York] in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'' (accessed 1 November 2014).</ref> <ref>Almira E Morgan, ''The Catskill Turnpike: A Wilderness Path'' (Ithaca, N.Y.: DeWitt Historical Society of Thompkins County, 1971). [http://tcpl.org/local-history/documents/nys-cny/Catskill_Turnpike.pdf Online digital copy].</ref> <ref>Anastassia Zinke, [http://www.catskillmtn.org/guide-magazine/articles/2001-11-the-susquehanna-turnpike-and-america-s-frontier-history.html The Susquehanna Turnpike and America's Frontier History] in ''Catskill Mountain Foundation'' (accessed 1 November 2014).</ref> <ref>Joan Odess, [http://www.dcha-ny.org/turnpike.pdf The Susquehanna Turnpike] (pdf accessed 1 November 2014).</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''New York feeders''' from Massachusetts / Connecticut connected to NY main routes west}}
+:*'''New York feeders''' from Massachusetts / Connecticut connected to NY main routes west
-{{Block indent|*'''''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike ''''' from ''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike '' at New Lebanon, NY (Pittsfield, MA) to Rensselaer, NY (Albany, NY); opened 1799; now US-20. |2}}
+::*'''''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike ''''' from ''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike '' at New Lebanon, NY (Pittsfield, MA) to Rensselaer, NY (Albany, NY); opened 1799; now US-20.
-{{Block indent|*'''''Hillsdale and Chatham Turnpike ''''' from the ''Alford and Egremont Turnpike '' at Alford, MA to Albany, NY; opened 1805. <ref>Wood, 168.</ref> |2}}
+::*'''''Hillsdale and Chatham Turnpike ''''' from the ''Alford and Egremont Turnpike '' at Alford, MA to Albany, NY; opened 1805. <ref>Wood, 168.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Columbia Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike '' '''and''' ''Great Barrington and Alford Turnpike '' at Hillsdale, NY (Egremont, MA) to Hudson, NY (Catskill, NY); opened 1799; now NY-23. |2}}
+::*'''''Columbia Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike '' '''and''' ''Great Barrington and Alford Turnpike '' at Hillsdale, NY (Egremont, MA) to Hudson, NY (Catskill, NY); opened 1799; now NY-23.
-{{Block indent|1=*'''''Ancram Turnpike ''''' from the ''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike '' at Millerton, NY to Catskill, NY; opened 1805; now NY-82.<ref name="Huntt">Isaac Huntting, ''History of the Little Nine Partners of North East Precinct and Pine Plains, New York, Dutchess County'' (Amenia, NY: Chas. Walsh, 1897), 99-101. [{{Huntt}} Google Book edition].</ref> |2=2}}
+::*'''''Ancram Turnpike ''''' from the ''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike '' at Millerton, NY to Catskill, NY; opened 1805; now NY-82.<ref name="Huntt">Isaac Huntting, ''History of the Little Nine Partners of North East Precinct and Pine Plains, New York, Dutchess County'' (Amenia, NY: Chas. Walsh, 1897), 99-101. [{{Huntt}} Google Book edition].</ref>
-{{Block indent|1=*'''''[[Ulster and Delaware Turnpike]] ''''' from the ''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike '' at Millerton, NY (Salisbury, CT) to Rhinebeck, NY (Kingston, NY), continuing west to the [[Catskill Turnpike]] at Bainbridge, NY; opened 1802; now NY-199. <ref name="Huntt" /><br>|2=2}}
+::*'''''[[Ulster and Delaware Turnpike]] ''''' from the ''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike '' at Millerton, NY (Salisbury, CT) to Rhinebeck, NY (Kingston, NY), continuing west to the [[Catskill Turnpike]] at Bainbridge, NY; opened 1802; now NY-199. <ref name="Huntt" /><br>
-{{Block indent|*'''Massachusetts feeders''' connected to New York feeders}}
+:*'''Massachusetts feeders''' connected to New York feeders
-{{Block indent|*'''''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike ''''' from ''Connecticut Turnpike '' at Sandisfield, MA to the ''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike '' at Hancock, MA (New Lebanon, NY); toll booths open 1800 to 1854; now US-202 and US-20.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 76-78.</ref> |2}}
+::*'''''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike ''''' from ''Connecticut Turnpike '' at Sandisfield, MA to the ''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike '' at Hancock, MA (New Lebanon, NY); toll booths open 1800 to 1854; now US-202 and US-20.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 76-78.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Housatonic River Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike '' to the ''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike '' at West Strockbridge, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open 1809 to 1853; now in part MA-102.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 166-67.</ref> |2}}
+::*'''''Housatonic River Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 10th Turnpike '' to the ''Rensselaer and Columbia Turnpike '' at West Strockbridge, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open 1809 to 1853; now in part MA-102.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 166-67.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Alford and Egremont Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike '' at Egremont, MA to the ''Hillsdale and Chatham Turnpike '' at Alford, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open 1812 to 1842; now MA-71.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and page 168.</ref> |2}}
+::*'''''Alford and Egremont Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike '' at Egremont, MA to the ''Hillsdale and Chatham Turnpike '' at Alford, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open 1812 to 1842; now MA-71.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and page 168.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Great Barrington and Alford Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 15th Turnpike '' at Great Barrington, MA to the ''Columbia Turnpike '' at Alford, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open from 1812 to 1846; now MA-23.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 186-87.</ref> |2}}
+::*'''''Great Barrington and Alford Turnpike ''''' from the ''Massachusetts 15th Turnpike '' at Great Barrington, MA to the ''Columbia Turnpike '' at Alford, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open from 1812 to 1846; now MA-23.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and pages 186-87.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike ''''' from Sheffied, MA (North Canaan, CT) to the ''Columbia Turnpike '' at Egremont, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open from 1803 to 1857; now US-7 and MA-41.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and page 80.</ref>|2}}
+::*'''''Massachusetts 12th Turnpike ''''' from Sheffied, MA (North Canaan, CT) to the ''Columbia Turnpike '' at Egremont, MA (Hillsdale, NY); toll booths open from 1803 to 1857; now US-7 and MA-41.<ref>Wood, map between pages 56 and 57, and page 80.</ref>
-{{Block indent|*'''''Hampden and Berkshire Turnpike ''''' from near Springfield, MA to the ''Becket Turnpike '' at Becket, MA; toll booths open from 1829 to 1852; now I-90.<ref>Wood, 203-206.</ref><br>|2}}
+::*'''''Hampden and Berkshire Turnpike ''''' from near Springfield, MA to the ''Becket Turnpike '' at Becket, MA; toll booths open from 1829 to 1852; now I-90.<ref>Wood, 203-206.</ref><br>
-{{Block indent|*'''Connecticut feeders''' connected to New York feeders}}
+:*'''Connecticut feeders''' connected to New York feeders
-{{Block indent|*'''''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike ''''' from Huntsville, CT to the ''Ancram Turnpike '' and the ''Ulster and Dalaware Turnpike '' at Salisburty, CT (Millerton, NY); traveled by Europeans by 1744, toll booths open from 1801 to 1829; now CT-126 and US-44.<ref>Wood, 363-64.</ref> <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_126 Connectiuct Route 126] in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'' (accessed 3 November 2014).</ref> <ref>"Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike" in [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tqpeiffer/Documents/Ancestral%20Migration%20Archives/Migration%20Webpage%20Folder/Northeast%20U.S.%20Migration%20Routes.htm Routes in the Northeastern United States: Historic Trails, Roads, and Migration Routes] in ''RootsWeb'' (accessed 3 November 2014).</ref><br>|2}}
+::*'''''Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike ''''' from Huntsville, CT to the ''Ancram Turnpike '' and the ''Ulster and Dalaware Turnpike '' at Salisburty, CT (Millerton, NY); traveled by Europeans by 1744, toll booths open from 1801 to 1829; now CT-126 and US-44.<ref>Wood, 363-64.</ref> <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_126 Connectiuct Route 126] in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'' (accessed 3 November 2014).</ref> <ref>"Salisbury and Canaan Turnpike" in [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tqpeiffer/Documents/Ancestral%20Migration%20Archives/Migration%20Webpage%20Folder/Northeast%20U.S.%20Migration%20Routes.htm Routes in the Northeastern United States: Historic Trails, Roads, and Migration Routes] in ''RootsWeb'' (accessed 3 November 2014).</ref><br>
 '''Connecting Routes'''. The Catskill Road connected with several other migration routes:
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 *'''''Springfield connections:'''''
-{{Block indent|*[[Old Connecticut Path]] a pre-historic Indian path from [[Boston, Massachusetts]] to the Connecticut River Valley at [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] and south to [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. }}
+:*[[Old Connecticut Path]] a pre-historic Indian path from [[Boston, Massachusetts]] to the Connecticut River Valley at [[Springfield, Massachusetts]] and south to [[Hartford, Connecticut]].
-{{Block indent|*The upper [[King's Highway]], also known as the '''''upper Boston Post Road''''', went from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] to [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] in Massachusetts, to [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] in Connecticut, and then on to [[New York City New York genealogy|New York City]]. From Boston to Hartford it followed the same route as the [[Old Connecticut Path]]. From New York City the [[King's Highway]] continued south to [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston, South Carolina]].}}
+:*The upper [[King's Highway]], also known as the '''''upper Boston Post Road''''', went from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] to [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]] in Massachusetts, to [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] in Connecticut, and then on to [[New York City New York genealogy|New York City]]. From Boston to Hartford it followed the same route as the [[Old Connecticut Path]]. From New York City the [[King's Highway]] continued south to [[Charleston County, South Carolina|Charleston, South Carolina]].
 *'''''mid-road Massachusetts/Connecticut connections:'''''
-{{Block indent|*[[Greenwood Road]] from [[Hartford, Connecticut]] to [[North Canaan, Connecticut]] to [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]], to [[Albany, New York]]. The Greenwood Road crossed the Catskill Road (north) at [[Great Barrington, Massachusetts|Great Barrington, Massachusetts]]. The Greenwood Road crossed the Catskill Road (south) at [[North Canaan, Connecticut|North Canaan, Connecticut]].}}
+:*[[Greenwood Road]] from [[Hartford, Connecticut]] to [[North Canaan, Connecticut]] to [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]], to [[Albany, New York]]. The Greenwood Road crossed the Catskill Road (north) at [[Great Barrington, Massachusetts|Great Barrington, Massachusetts]]. The Greenwood Road crossed the Catskill Road (south) at [[North Canaan, Connecticut|North Canaan, Connecticut]].
 *'''''mid-road New York connection:'''''
-{{Block indent|*The [[Albany Post Road]] connects [[New York City New York genealogy|New York City]] to [[Albany, New York]]. The Albany Post Road crossed the Catskill Road at [[Livingston, New York]].}}
+:*The [[Albany Post Road]] connects [[New York City New York genealogy|New York City]] to [[Albany, New York]]. The Albany Post Road crossed the Catskill Road at [[Livingston, New York]].
 *'''''Catskill connection:'''''
-{{Block indent|*At the town of [[Catskill, New York]] the '''[[Catskill_Road|Catskill Road]]''' (also known as the '''''Ancram Turnpike''''') changed its name to the '''[[Catskill Turnpike]]''' on its way from Catskill to [[Unadilla, New York]] (formerly Wattle's Ferry) on the Susquehanna River, and then to [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] and [[Bath, New York]].}}
+:*At the town of [[Catskill, New York]] the '''[[Catskill_Road|Catskill Road]]''' (also known as the '''''Ancram Turnpike''''') changed its name to the '''[[Catskill Turnpike]]''' on its way from Catskill to [[Unadilla, New York]] (formerly Wattle's Ferry) on the Susquehanna River, and then to [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] and [[Bath, New York]].
 '''Modern parallels.''' The modern roads that roughly match the Catskill Road (southern route) from Springfield to Catskill are:
-{{Block indent|*From '''''Springfield, Massachusetts''''' cross the Connecticut River into Agawam, and take '''MA‑147 / Memorial Avenue''' going southwest 1.6 miles until it merges into }}
+:*From '''''Springfield, Massachusetts''''' cross the Connecticut River into Agawam, and take '''MA‑147 / Memorial Avenue''' going southwest 1.6 miles until it merges into
-{{Block indent|*'''Southwick Street /MA-57''' heading west for 37.1 miles to New Marlboro; turn south onto }}
+:*'''Southwick Street /MA-57''' heading west for 37.1 miles to New Marlboro; turn south onto
-{{Block indent|*'''New Marlboro Southfield Road''' bound toward Southfield 5.6 miles to turn right onto }}
+:*'''New Marlboro Southfield Road''' bound toward Southfield 5.6 miles to turn right onto
-{{Block indent|*the '''Canaan Southfield Road''' to Canaan, Connecticut. At Canaan turn west on }}
+:*the '''Canaan Southfield Road''' to Canaan, Connecticut. At Canaan turn west on
-{{Block indent|*'''Church Street / US-44 W''' head southwest to Millerton, New York; there turn northwest on }}
+:*'''Church Street / US-44 W''' head southwest to Millerton, New York; there turn northwest on
-{{Block indent|*'''N Elm Ave / NY-22''' which eventually becomes '''NY-82''' going past Livingston until it joins }}
+:*'''N Elm Ave / NY-22''' which eventually becomes '''NY-82''' going past Livingston until it joins
-{{Block indent|*'''NY-23 / Claverack Road''' west bound over the Hudson River bridge into '''''Catskill, New York'''''.}}
+:*'''NY-23 / Claverack Road''' west bound over the Hudson River bridge into '''''Catskill, New York'''''.
 === Settler Records  ===