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In [[United States Census|census records]] from 1790-1840, only names of the head of household were provided, along with the number of enslaved persons and Free Persons of Color. In 1850 and 1860, the Federal government took a supplemental "Slave Schedule" giving the slaveholder's name and the number of enslaved persons by gender, age, and a designation of Black or Mulatto. The names of all free Blacks were included in the 1850 and 1860 census. Beginning in 1870, the census listed the names of all African Americans. | In [[United States Census|census records]] from 1790-1840, only names of the head of household were provided, along with the number of enslaved persons and Free Persons of Color. In 1850 and 1860, the Federal government took a supplemental "Slave Schedule" giving the slaveholder's name and the number of enslaved persons by gender, age, and a designation of Black or Mulatto. The names of all free Blacks were included in the 1850 and 1860 census. Beginning in 1870, the census listed the names of all African Americans. | ||
*[https://www.archives.gov/files/research/census/african-american/census-1790-1930.pdf | *More information, about African Americans in the United States Census, is available at the [https://www.archives.gov/files/research/census/african-american/census-1790-1930.pdf. National Archives and Records Administration]. | ||
*''List of Free Black Heads of Families in the First Census of the United States, 1790,'' by Debra L. Newman | *''List of Free Black Heads of Families in the First Census of the United States, 1790,'' by Debra L. Newman. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, 1973. {{FSC|143454|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 X2nd.}}; {{WorldCat|38865717|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; ''''' Online at:''''' {{FSDB|59430}}. | ||
Local Census and County Records, State census records, school census records, town census records, deeds, bills of sale, marriage records, county will books, and probate records sometimes lists names of enslaved persons and other genealogy information. | |||
Local Census and County Records State census records, school census records, town census records, deeds, bills of sale, marriage records, county will books, and probate records sometimes lists names of enslaved persons and other genealogy information. | |||
African American genealogical research can be challenging, especially after you hit the brick wall of the 1870 census. There are, however, more and more ways to get over that wall and more resources to learn the techniques for doing so. | African American genealogical research can be challenging, especially after you hit the brick wall of the 1870 census. There are, however, more and more ways to get over that wall and more resources to learn the techniques for doing so. | ||
Included here are some of the best the internet has to offer, as well as some searchable census sites of particular interest for African Americans: | Included here are some of the best the internet has to offer, as well as some searchable census sites of particular interest for African Americans: | ||
Christine's African American Genealogy Website, an excellent resource for roots-seekers, includes links to a variety of genealogical sources and African American homepages: | Christine's African American Genealogy Website, an excellent resource for roots-seekers, includes links to a variety of genealogical sources and African American homepages: | ||
*[http://ccharity.com | *[http://ccharity.com/ Christine's African American Genealogy] | ||
Christine's Genealogy Website's census links for African American Genealogy: | |||
*[ | *[https://ccharity.com/contents/various-census-transcriptions/ Census links at Christine's African American Genealogy] | ||
ThoughtCo | ThoughtCo's list of links for African American History: | ||
*[https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-history-4133344 ThoughtCo | *[https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-history-4133344 ThoughtCo] | ||
Researching Your African American Ancestors | Researching Your African American Ancestors | ||
* Located at [https://www.bpl.org/blogs/post/researching-your-african-american-ancestors/ Boston Public Library]. | * Located at [https://www.bpl.org/blogs/post/researching-your-african-american-ancestors/ Boston Public Library]. | ||
'''Slave Narratives.''' For autobiographical sketches of formerly enslaved persons, see: | '''Slave Narratives.''' For autobiographical sketches of formerly enslaved persons, see: | ||
:*University of North Carolina | :*University of North Carolina features the ''[http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/ North American Slave Narratives]''. | ||
:*Library of Congress | :*Library of Congress indexes 2,300 slave narratives in ''[https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/about-this-collection/ Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project]''. | ||
:* | :*'''1936-1938''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1944/ U.S., Interviews with Formerly Enslaved People, 1936-1938] at Ancestry - Index & Images ($) | ||
'''Another useful website with links to the census by state:''' | '''Another useful website with links to the census by state:''' | ||
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*FamilySearch Library and FamilySearch centers | *FamilySearch Library and FamilySearch centers | ||
* | *[http://www.archives.gov National Archives] for addresses of regional branches | ||
*State archives | *State archives | ||
*University libraries and some large public libraries | *University libraries and some large public libraries | ||
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*The FamilySearch Library and FamilySearch centers | *The FamilySearch Library and FamilySearch centers | ||
* | * [http://www.archives.gov National Archives] regional branches | ||
*State archives | *State archives | ||
*University libraries and some large public libraries | *University libraries and some large public libraries | ||
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'''1870 Census Indexes''' | '''1870 Census Indexes''' | ||
'' | ''African Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census {{FSC|1003743|item|disp=FS CD-ROM no. 388 copy 2}}.'', (must access at the FamilySearch Library). | ||
*African American heads of households | *African American heads of households | ||
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*A family's town, county, and state of residence | *A family's town, county, and state of residence | ||
''Accelerated Indexing Systems (AIS) Microfiche Indexes of U.S. Census and Other Records'' | ''Accelerated Indexing Systems (AIS) Microfiche Indexes of U.S. Census and Other Records,'' by Ronald Vern Jackson. Salt Lake City Utah: Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1984. {{FSC|711262|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 D2ai}}. Use this index to find the heads of household from Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Dakota Territory, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington, and Wyoming. | ||
'''1880 Census Indexes''' | |||
*'''1980''' {{RecordSearch|1417683|United States, Census, 1880}} at FamilySearch. This includes names, dates, and places for nearly six million African Americans. | |||
This is the best index to the 1880 census. Use this index to: | |||
*Find almost anyone listed in the 1880 census (It lists all members of the household.) | *Find almost anyone listed in the 1880 census (It lists all members of the household.) | ||
*Locate ancestors when you do not know their state of residence (This index covers the entire United States; most indexes cover one state only | *Locate ancestors when you do not know their state of residence (This index covers the entire United States; most indexes cover one state only). | ||
'''1900-1930 Census Indexes''' | '''1900-1930 Census Indexes''' | ||
To use the 1900 census Soundex indexes see the following paragraph on "Soundex Indexes." | To use the 1900 census Soundex indexes see the following paragraph on "Soundex Indexes." | ||
== Soundex Indexes == | == Soundex Indexes == | ||
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=== Converting a Surname to a Soundex Code === | === Converting a Surname to a Soundex Code === | ||
There is an online name converter on the Internet. This is the quickest way to convert a surname to a Soundex code. Go to [ | There is an online name converter on the Internet. This is the quickest way to convert a surname to a Soundex code. Go to BradAndKathy's Genealogy to use [https://bradandkathy.com/genealogy/yasc.php '''Yet Another Soundex Converter''']. | ||
'''Steps To Do It Yourself''' | '''Steps To Do It Yourself''' | ||