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==Introduction==
The first Blacks were brought to the United States in 1619 by Dutch traders. Contrary to popular belief, not all Blacks labored as enslaved persons in the fields of the large Southern plantations. Many worked for smaller landowners, some worked as servants in the cities, and some were free. By the Civil War period, the descendants of less than 400,000 transplanted Africans numbered over 4 million. Read more about the records of enslaved Americans at [http://www.afrigeneas.org/slavedata/ Slave Data Collection] at AfriGeneas.
 
[[Image:African American Image 5.jpg|left|African American Image 5.jpg]]Researching nonplantation Blacks or enslaved persons requires great patience and luck as those who were enslaved were not considered citizens of the United States and were not permitted to engage in legal transactions. Marriage contracts between Blacks were legally forbidden until 1868. Since enslaved individuals were considered the property of their slaveholders, most records (such as deeds, wills, etc.) are interfiled with those of the slaveholder's family. Sole ownership of all enslaved children legally resided with the slaveholder of the child's mother, thus research is often limited to the maternal lines.
 
Blacks were seldom addressed by a surname; instead, they were usually listed by a first name, or as a "Black Male" or "Black Female." Once slavery ended and usage of surnames became legal, formerly enslaved persons were free to use either their previous name (usually known to them, but not used in records) or to choose a new one. Obstacles arose when several members of one biological family adopted different last names.
 
===Did You Know?===
 
*African American historical research can be undertaken in both military and civilian records; however, the documentation is scattered through a variety of correspondence of government and private citizens and government reports. One's success in researching African American ancestry in the years prior to the Civil War will depend largely on what one's status was, enslaved or free. Learn more at this [http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slavery-records.html National Archives website.]
 
==Resources==
 
===Useful Websites===


==Online Resources==
*See [[African American Online Genealogy Records]] for more resources.
*[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/where-do-i-begin-getting-started-with-african-american-research African American Research] at [https://www.familysearch.org FamilySearch]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/where-do-i-begin-getting-started-with-african-american-research African American Research] at [https://www.familysearch.org FamilySearch]
*[https://www.aahgs.org/ Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society]
*[https://www.aahgs.org/ Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society]
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Many presentations from the 2006 AAHGS Conference (Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society) are now available to download and view for free. These are large files (200-400 MB each) and must be downloaded before viewing. Files are optimized for viewing with the free Quicktime media player available at http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download. To download a presentation, please right click the link and select 'Save Target As' or 'Save Link As'.  
Many presentations from the 2006 AAHGS Conference (Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society) are now available to download and view for free. These are large files (200-400 MB each) and must be downloaded before viewing. Files are optimized for viewing with the free Quicktime media player available at http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download. To download a presentation, please right click the link and select 'Save Target As' or 'Save Link As'.  
 
<br>
:Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr., Author and Professor of American History, University of Washington<br>Presentation: Roots West: African American History in the Trans-Mississippi West<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_QuintardTaylor.mp4
:Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr., Author and Professor of American History, University of Washington<br>Presentation: Roots West: African American History in the Trans-Mississippi West<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_QuintardTaylor.mp4
:Mary Hill, Author and accredited genealogist for Southern and Eastern States<br>Presentation: Finding Records of Your Ancestors: 1870 to Present<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_MaryHill.mp4
:Mary Hill, Author and accredited genealogist for Southern and Eastern States<br>Presentation: Finding Records of Your Ancestors: 1870 to Present<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_MaryHill.mp4
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:Adele Marcum, Professional genealogist and content specialist<br>Presentation: Where Should I Start? Beginning Research on Ancestry.com<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_AdeleMarcum.mp4
:Adele Marcum, Professional genealogist and content specialist<br>Presentation: Where Should I Start? Beginning Research on Ancestry.com<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_AdeleMarcum.mp4
:Howard Dodson, Chief, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture at the New York Public Library<br>Presentation: Beyond Victimization: The Triumph Over Slavery<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_HowardDodson.mp4
:Howard Dodson, Chief, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture at the New York Public Library<br>Presentation: Beyond Victimization: The Triumph Over Slavery<br>http://broadcast.lds.org/familysearch/aahgs/AAHGS_Feb2007_HowardDodson.mp4
==Introduction==
The first Blacks were brought to the United States in 1619 by Dutch traders. Contrary to popular belief, not all Blacks labored as enslaved persons in the fields of the large Southern plantations. Many worked for smaller landowners, some worked as servants in the cities, and some were free. By the Civil War period, the descendants of less than 400,000 transplanted Africans numbered over 4 million. Read more about the records of enslaved Americans at [http://www.afrigeneas.org/slavedata/ Slave Data Collection] at AfriGeneas.
<br>
[[Image:African American Image 5.jpg|left|African American Image 5.jpg]]Researching nonplantation Blacks or enslaved persons requires great patience and luck as those who were enslaved were not considered citizens of the United States and were not permitted to engage in legal transactions. Marriage contracts between Blacks were legally forbidden until 1868. Since enslaved individuals were considered the property of their slaveholders, most records (such as deeds, wills, etc.) are interfiled with those of the slaveholder's family. Sole ownership of all enslaved children legally resided with the slaveholder of the child's mother, thus research is often limited to the maternal lines.
<br>
Blacks were seldom addressed by a surname; instead, they were usually listed by a first name, or as a "Black Male" or "Black Female." Once slavery ended and usage of surnames became legal, formerly enslaved persons were free to use either their previous name (usually known to them, but not used in records) or to choose a new one. Obstacles arose when several members of one biological family adopted different last names.
<br>
African American historical research can be undertaken in both military and civilian records; however, the documentation is scattered through a variety of correspondence of government and private citizens and government reports. One's success in researching African American ancestry in the years prior to the Civil War will depend largely on what one's status was, enslaved or free. Learn more at this [http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slavery-records.html National Archives website.]


{{African American|African American}}
{{African American|African American}}


[[Category:African_American Records]]
[[Category:African_American Records]]
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