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*It may be part of a two-word preposition. '''ôl''' is a noun meaning "track." When it is combined with '''ar''' (on), the result is the preposition '''ar ôl''', meaning "after".  
*It may be part of a two-word preposition. '''ôl''' is a noun meaning "track." When it is combined with '''ar''' (on), the result is the preposition '''ar ôl''', meaning "after".  
*It may be part of an idiomatic expression. '''hen''' by itself means "old," but '''hen bryd''' means "high time."  
*It may be part of an idiomatic expression. '''hen''' by itself means "old," but '''hen bryd''' means "high time."  
*It may be an archaic word or have a changed meaning.
*It may be an archaic word or have changed meaning.






== Mutations  ==
In Welsh, the first letter of a word often changes or disappears. This is called mutation. For example, '''teulu''' (family) can appear as '''deulu''', '''nheulu''', or '''theulu'''. Mutated words are not in Welsh dictionaries, so use the following chart to change a mutated word back to its original form:
{| width="90%" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Initial consonant'''
! '''Soft mutation'''<br>
! '''Nasal mutation'''<br>
! '''Aspirate mutation'''<br>
|-
| P <br>pensil <br>(pencil)
| B <br>ei '''b'''ensil e <br>(his pencil)
| Mh <br>fy '''mh'''ensil i <br>(my pencil)
| Ph <br>ei '''ph'''ensil hi <br>(her pencil)
|-
| T <br>tad <br>(father)
| D <br>ei '''d'''ad e <br>(his father)
| Nh <br>fy '''nh'''ad i <br>(my father)
| Th <br>ei '''th'''ad hi <br>(her father)
|-
| C <br>ci <br>(dog)
| G <br>ei '''g'''i e <br>(his dog)
| Ngh <br>fy '''ngh'''i i <br>(my dog)
| Ch <br>ei '''ch'''i hi <br>(her dog)
|-
| B <br>brawd <br>(brother)
| F <br>ei '''f'''rawd e <br>(his brother)
| M <br>fy '''m'''rawd i <br>(my brother)
| No Change
|-
| D <br>dosbarth <br>(class)
| Dd <br>ei '''dd'''osbarth e <br>(his class)
| N <br>fy '''n'''osbarth i <br>(my class)
| No Change
|-
| G <br>gardd <br>(garden)
| - <br>ei ardd e <br>(his garden)
| Ng <br>fy '''ng'''ardd i <br>(my garden)
| No Change
|-
| Ll <br>llyfr <br>(book)
| L <br>ei '''l'''yfr e <br>(his book)
| No Change
| No Change
|-
| M <br>mam <br>(mother)
| F <br>ei '''f'''am e <br>(his mother)
| No Change
| No Change
|-
| Rh <br>rhaglen <br>(programme)
| R <br>ei '''r'''aglen e <br>(his programme)
| No Change
| No Change
|}
'''Soft mutation''' generally occurs:
*On singular feminine nouns following the definite article. For example: "pont" (a bridge), "y '''b'''ont" (the bridge).
*After one of the prepositions: "am" (for) , "ar" (on), "at" (towards), "gan" (with), "tros" (over), "trwy" (through), "wrth" (by), "dan" (below), "heb" (without), "hyd" (until), "o" (from), "i" (to). For example: "dim" (nothing), "am '''dd'''im" (for nothing)
*After the personal pronouns: "dy" (your), "ei" (his). For example: "pen" (head), dy '''b'''en (your head)
*After the numerals "un" (one, but only sing. f.), "dau" (two m.), "dwy" (two f.), "saith" (seven), "wyth" (eight). For example: "brawd" (brother), "dau '''f'''rawd" (two brothers)
'''Nasal mutation''' generally occurs:
*After "fy" (my). For example "brawd" (brother), "fy '''m'''rawd" (my brothers)
*After "yn" (in). For example "ym '''M'''angor" (in Bangor)
'''Aspirate mutation''' generally occurs:
*After "tri" (three m.), "chwe" (six). For example: "ceffyl" (horse), "chwe '''ch'''effyl" (six horses)
*After "ei" (her). For example: "pen" (head), "ei '''ph'''en" (her head)
*After "a" (and), "â" (with). For example: "caws" (cheese), "bara a '''ch'''aws" (bread and cheese)<br>
In general, if you are unable to find a word:
{| width="95%" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" class="wikitable"
|-
! If the word begins with:
! Also look under:
! Example:
|-
| a
| g
| ''yn yr ardd'' (in the garden) - ''gardd'' (a garden)
|-
| b
| p
| ''yr ail bont'' (the second bridge) - ''pont'' (a bridge)
|-
| ch
| c
| ''chwe cheiniog'' (six pence) - ''ceiniog'' (a penny)
|-
| d
| t
| ''dy dad'' (you father) - ''tad'' (a father)
|-
| dd
| d
| ''y ddraig'' (the dragon) - ''draig'' (a dragon)
|-
| e
| g
| ''yr efail'' (the smithy) - ''gefail'' (a smithy)
|-
| f
| b and m
| ''y ferch'' (the girl) - ''merch'' (a girl)
|-
| g
| c
| ''ei gi e'' (his dog) - ''ci'' (a dog)
|-
| h
| all vowels (a, e, i, o, u, w, y)
| ''ei henw hi'' (her name) - ''enw'' (a name)
|-
| i
| g
|
|-
| l
| g and ll
| ''yn ei lyfr e'' (in his book) - ''llyfr'' (a book)
|-
| m
| b
| ''fy mrawd i'' (my brother) - ''brawd'' (a brother)
|-
| mh
| p
| ''fy mhen i'' (my head) - ''pen'' (a head)
|-
| n
| d and g
| ''fy narlun i'' (my picture) - ''darlun'' (a picture)
|-
| ng
| g
| ''fy ngeiriadur i'' (my dictionary) - ''geiriadur'' (a dictionary)
|-
| ngh
| c
| ''fy nghath i'' (my cat) - ''cath'' (my cat)
|-
| nh
| t
| ''fy nhrwyn i'' (my nose) - ''trwyn'' (a nose)
|-
| o
| g
| ''yr olygfa'' (the view) - ''golygfa'' (a view)
|-
| ph
| p
| ''ei phapur'' (her paper) - ''papur'' (paper)
|-
| r
| g and rh
| ''yr hen reilffordd'' (the old railway) - ''rheilffordd'' (a railway)
|-
| th
| t
| ''ei theledu hi'' (her television) - ''teledu'' (a television)
|-
| w
| g
| ''y wadd'' (the mole) - ''gwadd'' (a mole)
|}




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* [http://www.jlb2011.co.uk/wales/sounds/index.htm Sounds of Wales - pronunciation of place-names] - Welsh Family History Archive
* [http://www.jlb2011.co.uk/wales/sounds/index.htm Sounds of Wales - pronunciation of place-names] - Welsh Family History Archive


In Welsh, the first letter of a word often changes or disappears. This is called a mutation. Mutated words are not in Welsh dictionaries. See [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Wales_Languages#:~:text=Mutations%20in%20the%20Welsh%20language '''Mutations in the Welsh language'''].
In Welsh, the first letter of a word often changes or disappears. This is called a mutation. Mutated words are not in Welsh dictionaries.<br>
See [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Wales_Languages#:~:text=Mutations%20in%20the%20Welsh%20language '''Mutations in the Welsh language'''].


==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
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* [[Scotland Language and Languages|Scotland Language and Languages]]
* [[Scotland Language and Languages|Scotland Language and Languages]]


'''Mutations in the Welsh language'''
'''Mutations in the Welsh language'''<br>
In Welsh, the first letter of a word often changes or disappears. This is called mutation. For example, '''teulu''' (family) can appear as '''deulu''', '''nheulu''', or '''theulu'''. Mutated words are not in Welsh dictionaries, so use the following chart to change a mutated word back to its original form:  
In Welsh, the first letter of a word often changes or disappears. This is called mutation. For example, '''teulu''' (family) can appear as '''deulu''', '''nheulu''', or '''theulu'''. Mutated words are not in Welsh dictionaries, so use the following chart to change a mutated word back to its original form:  


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| ''y wadd'' (the mole) - ''gwadd'' (a mole)
| ''y wadd'' (the mole) - ''gwadd'' (a mole)
|}
|}
'''Using a Welsh Dictionary'''<br>
''If you cannot find a word in the dictionary, it may be that:''
* Your dictionary is too small.
* The word is mutated (see below).
* he word is a conjugated verb. For example, '''dod''' (to come) is in the dictionary, but '''daeth''' (he came) is not.
* The word is a conjugated preposition. '''am''' (about) is in the dictionary, but '''amdani''' (about her) is not.
* The word is a comparative or superlative adjective. '''hen''' (old) is listed, but '''hen''' (older), and '''hynaf''' (oldest) are not.
* The word is a contraction. '''o''' (from) and '''yr''' (the) are both listed, but their contracted form '''o’r''' (from the) is not.
* The word contains double letters such as '''ch''','''dd''', '''ll''', '''ng''', and '''rh''', which are filed after single letters. For example:
** the word '''rhad''' (free) would come after '''ruban''' (ribbon)
** the word '''dichell''' (treachery) would come after '''dicter''' (anger)
** the word '''goddef''' (to bear) would come after '''godro''' (to milk)
** the word '''gwyllt''' (wild) would come after '''gwylan''' (seagull)
''If a word you find in a dictionary does not make sense in the record’s context:''
* It may be part of a two-word preposition. '''ôl''' is a noun meaning "track." When it is combined with '''ar''' (on), the result is the preposition '''ar ôl''', meaning "after".
* It may be part of an idiomatic expression. '''hen''' by itself means "old," but '''hen bryd''' means "high time."
* It may be an archaic word or have changed meaning.


== References  ==
== References  ==
Garycrobinson
Reviewer, editor, pagecreator
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