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*'''1926-1946''' [https://webaram.com/biblio/identite/passeports-nansen Passport Nansen: List of Transit of Nansen Passport Holders in Marseilles (1926-1946)] | *'''1926-1946''' [https://webaram.com/biblio/identite/passeports-nansen Passport Nansen: List of Transit of Nansen Passport Holders in Marseilles (1926-1946)] | ||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1010962?availability=Family%20History%20Library Anvanatsʿutsʿay artsaahmanitsʿ nergaghtʿogh Hayeri : IMMIGRATION NAME LIST] In Armenian. | *[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1010962?availability=Family%20History%20Library Anvanatsʿutsʿay artsaahmanitsʿ nergaghtʿogh Hayeri : IMMIGRATION NAME LIST] In Armenian. | ||
*'''1942-1949''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/992836?availability=Family%20History%20Library Sarber ervneritsʿ nergaghtʿats Hayeri, 1942-1949] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens immigrating back to Armenia from Austria, Egypt, Syria, | *'''1942-1949''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/992836?availability=Family%20History%20Library Sarber ervneritsʿ nergaghtʿats Hayeri, 1942-1949] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens immigrating back to Armenia from Austria, Egypt, Syria, Türkiye, Leganon, Greece, France, and Iran, 1946-1948. Also, internal migration documents of Armenian citizens resettling within Armenia, 1948. Includes inventory. Text in Armenian. | ||
*'''1946-1949''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/992579?availability=Family%20History%20Library Amerikayi Mistsʿyal Nahangneritsʿ, Irakʿitsʿ, Huyastanitsʿ, Paghestinitsʿ, Ṛuminiayitsʿ, Siriayitsʿ, ev Libananitsʿ, ayl erkrneritsʿ Hayastan nergaghtʿtsneri, 1946-1949] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens migrating back to Armenia from the United States, Iraq, Greece, Palestine, Romania, Syria, and Lebanon, 1946-1949. Text in Armenian. | *'''1946-1949''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/992579?availability=Family%20History%20Library Amerikayi Mistsʿyal Nahangneritsʿ, Irakʿitsʿ, Huyastanitsʿ, Paghestinitsʿ, Ṛuminiayitsʿ, Siriayitsʿ, ev Libananitsʿ, ayl erkrneritsʿ Hayastan nergaghtʿtsneri, 1946-1949] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens migrating back to Armenia from the United States, Iraq, Greece, Palestine, Romania, Syria, and Lebanon, 1946-1949. Text in Armenian. | ||
*'''1946-1947''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/991923?availability=Family%20History%20Library Egiptositsʿ Hayastan nergaghtʿatsneri ev nergaghtʿel tsʿankatsoghneri, 1946-1947] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens migrating to Armenia from Egypt, 1946-1947. Filed alphabetically by immigrant surname. Includes inventory. Text in Armenian. | *'''1946-1947''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/991923?availability=Family%20History%20Library Egiptositsʿ Hayastan nergaghtʿatsneri ev nergaghtʿel tsʿankatsoghneri, 1946-1947] Migration documents of former Armenian citizens migrating to Armenia from Egypt, 1946-1947. Filed alphabetically by immigrant surname. Includes inventory. Text in Armenian. | ||
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*Armenians living in their ancient homeland, which had been controlled by the Ottoman Empire for centuries, fled '''persecution, massacres and genocide''' during several periods of forced emigration, from the 1880s to the 1920s. Many Armenians settled in the '''United States, a majority of whom live in the state of California, France, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, and a small orphan population in the former Ethiopian Empire.'''<ref>"List of diasporas", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas, accessed 14 June 2021.</ref> | *Armenians living in their ancient homeland, which had been controlled by the Ottoman Empire for centuries, fled '''persecution, massacres and genocide''' during several periods of forced emigration, from the 1880s to the 1920s. Many Armenians settled in the '''United States, a majority of whom live in the state of California, France, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, and a small orphan population in the former Ethiopian Empire.'''<ref>"List of diasporas", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas, accessed 14 June 2021.</ref> | ||
*The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from '''Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenia) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Armenia and Iran (or Eastern Armenia).''' | *The Armenian diaspora is divided into two communities – those from '''Ottoman Armenia (or Western Armenia) and those who are from the former Soviet Union, the independent Armenia and Iran (or Eastern Armenia).''' | ||
*Armenians of the modern '''Republic of | *Armenians of the modern '''Republic of Türkiye''' do not consider themselves as part of the Armenian Diaspora, since they believe that they continue residing in their historical homeland. | ||
*The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to the '''dissolution of the Ottoman Empire'''. Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian genocide, some of the Armenians who managed to escape, established themselves in various parts of the world. By 1966, around 40 years after the start of the Armenian genocide, 2 million Armenians '''still lived in Armenia''', while 330,000 lived in '''Russia''', and 450,000 lived in the '''United States and Canada'''. | *The Armenian diaspora grew considerably during and after the First World War due to the '''dissolution of the Ottoman Empire'''. Although many Armenians perished during the Armenian genocide, some of the Armenians who managed to escape, established themselves in various parts of the world. By 1966, around 40 years after the start of the Armenian genocide, 2 million Armenians '''still lived in Armenia''', while 330,000 lived in '''Russia''', and 450,000 lived in the '''United States and Canada'''. | ||
*Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of | *Their pre-World War I population area was six times larger than that of present-day Armenia, including the eastern regions of Türkiye, northern part of Iran, and the southern part of Georgia. | ||
*By the year 2000, there were 7,580,000 Armenians living abroad in total. | *By the year 2000, there were 7,580,000 Armenians living abroad in total. | ||
*Today, the '''Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia'''. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000. Of those, approximately 3 million currently live in Armenia, 130,000 in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh and 120,000 in the region of Javakheti in '''neighboring Georgia'''. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 throughout the diaspora '''(with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, | *Today, the '''Armenian diaspora refers to communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia'''. The total Armenian population living worldwide is estimated to be 11,000,000. Of those, approximately 3 million currently live in Armenia, 130,000 in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh and 120,000 in the region of Javakheti in '''neighboring Georgia'''. This leaves approximately 7,000,000 throughout the diaspora '''(with the largest populations in Russia, the United States, France, Argentina, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Türkiye, Canada, Ukraine, Greece, Cyprus, and Australia)'''.<ref>"Armenian diaspora", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_diaspora, accessed 14 June 2021.</ref> | ||
<span style="color:DarkViolet">Some of the countries with the largest Armenian populations are discussed below, but there are several more countries with smaller Armenian communities.</span> | <span style="color:DarkViolet">Some of the countries with the largest Armenian populations are discussed below, but there are several more countries with smaller Armenian communities.</span> | ||
===Armenians in France=== | ===Armenians in France=== | ||
*Although the first Armenians settled in France in the Middle Ages, like most of the Armenian diaspora, the Armenian community in France was established by survivors of the Armenian genocide of 1915. Others came through the second half of the 20th century, fleeing political and economic instability in the Middle Eastern countries ( | *Although the first Armenians settled in France in the Middle Ages, like most of the Armenian diaspora, the Armenian community in France was established by survivors of the Armenian genocide of 1915. Others came through the second half of the 20th century, fleeing political and economic instability in the Middle Eastern countries (Türkiye, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and Iran) and, more recently, from Armenia. | ||
*In the 19th century, many young Armenian males moved to France for education. | *In the 19th century, many young Armenian males moved to France for education. | ||
*During the late 19th century and early 20th century, thousands of Armenians escaped persecution in their ancestral homeland that was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time. Events like the Hamidian massacres and the Adana massacre gave rise to greater Armenian emigration. By the eve of the First World War, around 4,000 Armenians lived in France. | *During the late 19th century and early 20th century, thousands of Armenians escaped persecution in their ancestral homeland that was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time. Events like the Hamidian massacres and the Adana massacre gave rise to greater Armenian emigration. By the eve of the First World War, around 4,000 Armenians lived in France. | ||
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*Most Armenians initially arrived in '''Marseille''', thereafter many of them spread across France and settled in large cities, especially in '''Paris and the urban areas across the Paris–Marseille railway, notably Lyon'''. | *Most Armenians initially arrived in '''Marseille''', thereafter many of them spread across France and settled in large cities, especially in '''Paris and the urban areas across the Paris–Marseille railway, notably Lyon'''. | ||
*Immediately after the Second World War, about 7,000 Armenians '''repatriated to Soviet Armenia'''. | *Immediately after the Second World War, about 7,000 Armenians '''repatriated to Soviet Armenia'''. | ||
*Thousands of new immigrants arrived in France from the Middle Eastern countries like | *Thousands of new immigrants arrived in France from the Middle Eastern countries like Türkiye, Lebanon, Syria and Iran since the 1950s. By the 1980s around 300,000 Armenians lived in France.<ref>"Armenians in France", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_France, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | ||
===Armenians in Lebanon=== | ===Armenians in Lebanon=== | ||
*There has been an Armenian presence in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. The Armenian presence in Lebanon during the Ottoman period was minimal; however, there was a large influx of Armenians after the Armenian genocide of 1915. | *There has been an Armenian presence in Lebanon for centuries. According to Minority Rights Group International, there are 156,000 Armenians in Lebanon, around 4% of the population. The Armenian presence in Lebanon during the Ottoman period was minimal; however, there was a large influx of Armenians after the Armenian genocide of 1915. | ||
*Many Armenians inhabited the area of '''Karantina (literally "Quarantine"''', a port-side district in the Lebanese capital of Beirut). Later on, a thriving Armenian community was formed in the neighbouring district of '''Bourj Hammoud.''' | *Many Armenians inhabited the area of '''Karantina (literally "Quarantine"''', a port-side district in the Lebanese capital of Beirut). Later on, a thriving Armenian community was formed in the neighbouring district of '''Bourj Hammoud.''' | ||
*In 1939, after the French ceded the Syrian territory of Alexandretta to | *In 1939, after the French ceded the Syrian territory of Alexandretta to Türkiye, Armenians and other Christians from the area moved to the '''Bekaa Valley'''. The Armenians were grouped in '''Anjar''', where a community exists to this day. Some of these Armenian refugees had been settled by the French mandate authorities in camps in the South of Lebanon: El Buss and Rashidieh camps in Tyre would later make way for Palestinian refugees.<ref>"Armenians in Lebanon", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | ||
===Armenians in Iran=== | ===Armenians in Iran=== | ||
*Iranian-Armenians are also known as Persian-Armenians. Estimates of their number in Iran range from 70,000 to 200,000. Areas with a high concentration of them include '''Tabriz, Tehran, Salmas and Isfahan's Jolfa (Nor Jugha) quarter.''' | *Iranian-Armenians are also known as Persian-Armenians. Estimates of their number in Iran range from 70,000 to 200,000. Areas with a high concentration of them include '''Tabriz, Tehran, Salmas and Isfahan's Jolfa (Nor Jugha) quarter.''' | ||
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*Today the Armenians are Iran's largest Christian religious minority. | *Today the Armenians are Iran's largest Christian religious minority. | ||
*The ceding of what is modern-day Armenia (Eastern Armenia in general) to Russia in 1828 resulted in a large number of Armenians falling now under the rule of the Russians. Iranian Armenia was thus supplanted by Russian Armenia. | *The ceding of what is modern-day Armenia (Eastern Armenia in general) to Russia in 1828 resulted in a large number of Armenians falling now under the rule of the Russians. Iranian Armenia was thus supplanted by Russian Armenia. | ||
*The Tsar had the right to encourage the resettling of Armenians from Iran into the newly established Russian Armenia. This resulted in a large demographic shift; many of Iran's Armenians followed the call. Some 35,000 Muslims out of more than 100,000 emigrated from the region, while some 57,000 Armenians from Iran proper and | *The Tsar had the right to encourage the resettling of Armenians from Iran into the newly established Russian Armenia. This resulted in a large demographic shift; many of Iran's Armenians followed the call. Some 35,000 Muslims out of more than 100,000 emigrated from the region, while some 57,000 Armenians from Iran proper and Türkiye arrived after 1828. | ||
*During the Armenian genocide, about 50,000 Armenians fled the Ottoman Empire and took refuge in Persia. | *During the Armenian genocide, about 50,000 Armenians fled the Ottoman Empire and took refuge in Persia. | ||
*Further immigrants and refugees from the Soviet Union numbering nearly 30,000 continued to increase the Armenian community until 1933. Thus by 1930 there were approximately 200,000 Armenians in Iran. By 1979, in the dawn of the Islamic Revolution, an estimated 250,000 - 300,000 Armenians were living in Iran.<ref>"Iranian Armenians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | *Further immigrants and refugees from the Soviet Union numbering nearly 30,000 continued to increase the Armenian community until 1933. Thus by 1930 there were approximately 200,000 Armenians in Iran. By 1979, in the dawn of the Islamic Revolution, an estimated 250,000 - 300,000 Armenians were living in Iran.<ref>"Iranian Armenians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | ||
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*Armenians formed more than half of the Christian community in Aleppo until 1947, when many groups of them left for Soviet Armenia to take advantage of the Armenian Repatriation Process (1946–1967).<ref>"Arnmenians in Syria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | *Armenians formed more than half of the Christian community in Aleppo until 1947, when many groups of them left for Soviet Armenia to take advantage of the Armenian Repatriation Process (1946–1967).<ref>"Arnmenians in Syria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | ||
===Armenians in | ===Armenians in Türkiye=== | ||
*Armenians in | *Armenians in Türkiye, one of the indigenous peoples of Türkiye, have an estimated population of 50,000 to 70,000, down from more than 1 million to 2 million Armenians in the year 1914. Today, the overwhelming majority of Turkish Armenians are concentrated in Istanbul. Until the Armenian genocide of 1915, most of the Armenian population of Türkiye (then the Ottoman Empire) lived in the eastern parts of the country that Armenians call Western Armenia (roughly corresponding to the modern Eastern Anatolia Region). | ||
*Starting in the late 19th century, political instability, dire economic conditions, and continuing ethnic tensions prompted the emigration of as many as 100,000 Armenians to Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. This massive exodus from the Ottoman Empire is what started the modern Armenian diaspora worldwide. | *Starting in the late 19th century, political instability, dire economic conditions, and continuing ethnic tensions prompted the emigration of as many as 100,000 Armenians to Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. This massive exodus from the Ottoman Empire is what started the modern Armenian diaspora worldwide. | ||
*There was conflict between Armenians and Turks between 1892 and 1915. The Armenian genocide followed in 1915–1916 until 1918, during which the Ottoman government of the time ordered the deportation and killing of more than 1 million Armenians. These measures affected an estimated 75–80% of all the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Many died directly through Ottoman massacres, while others died as a result of dehydration, disease, and starvation during the death marches and in the Syrian Desert, and even more due to Kurdish raids on fleeing refugees during the death marches. | *There was conflict between Armenians and Turks between 1892 and 1915. The Armenian genocide followed in 1915–1916 until 1918, during which the Ottoman government of the time ordered the deportation and killing of more than 1 million Armenians. These measures affected an estimated 75–80% of all the Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Many died directly through Ottoman massacres, while others died as a result of dehydration, disease, and starvation during the death marches and in the Syrian Desert, and even more due to Kurdish raids on fleeing refugees during the death marches. | ||
*As for the remaining Armenians in the east, they found refuge by 1917–1918 in the Caucasus and within the areas controlled by the newly established Democratic Republic of Armenia. They '''never returned to their original homes in today's Eastern | *As for the remaining Armenians in the east, they found refuge by 1917–1918 in the Caucasus and within the areas controlled by the newly established Democratic Republic of Armenia. They '''never returned to their original homes in today's Eastern Türkiye''' (composed of six vilayets, Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Mamuretülaziz, and Sivas). | ||
*Most of the Armenian survivors from Cilicia and the southernmost areas with Armenians like Diyarbakır ended up in '''northern Syria and the Middle East.'''<ref>"Armenians in Turkey", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey#History, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | *Most of the Armenian survivors from Cilicia and the southernmost areas with Armenians like Diyarbakır ended up in '''northern Syria and the Middle East.'''<ref>"Armenians in Turkey", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey#History, accessed 15 June 2021.</ref> | ||
===Armenians in the United States=== | ===Armenians in the United States=== | ||
*The first major wave of Armenian immigration to the United States took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Thousands of Armenians settled in the United States '''following the Hamidian massacres of the mid-1890s, the Adana Massacre of 1909, and the Armenian genocide of 1915-1918 in the Ottoman Empire.''' | *The first major wave of Armenian immigration to the United States took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Thousands of Armenians settled in the United States '''following the Hamidian massacres of the mid-1890s, the Adana Massacre of 1909, and the Armenian genocide of 1915-1918 in the Ottoman Empire.''' | ||
*Since the 1950s many Armenians from the Middle East '''(especially from Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Egypt and | *Since the 1950s many Armenians from the Middle East '''(especially from Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Egypt and Türkiye)''' migrated to America as a result of political instability in the region. It accelerated in the late 1980s and has continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 due to socio-economic and political reasons. | ||
*The 2017 American Community Survey estimated that 485,970 Americans held full or partial Armenian ancestry. Various organizations and media criticize these numbers as an underestimate, '''proposing 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenian Americans''' instead. | *The 2017 American Community Survey estimated that 485,970 Americans held full or partial Armenian ancestry. Various organizations and media criticize these numbers as an underestimate, '''proposing 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenian Americans''' instead. | ||
*The highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in the '''Greater Los Angeles area''', where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian to the 2000 Census, comprising over 40% of the 385,488 people who identified Armenian origins in the US at the time. The '''city of Glendale''' in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is widely thought to be the center of Armenian American life (although many Armenians live in the aptly named '''"Little Armenia" municipality of Los Angeles'''). | *The highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in the '''Greater Los Angeles area''', where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian to the 2000 Census, comprising over 40% of the 385,488 people who identified Armenian origins in the US at the time. The '''city of Glendale''' in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is widely thought to be the center of Armenian American life (although many Armenians live in the aptly named '''"Little Armenia" municipality of Los Angeles'''). | ||
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*[[Canada Emigration and Immigration]] | *[[Canada Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
*[[France Emigration and Immigration]] | *[[France Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Türkiye Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
*[[Russia Emigration and Immigration]] | *[[Russia Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
*[[Australia Emigration and Immigration]] | *[[Australia Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
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