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Adding sections on Family Names and Fixed Patronymics
(→Introduction: Expansion and clarification. New sources.) |
(Adding sections on Family Names and Fixed Patronymics) |
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*Surnames which are abbreviated in the records should be recorded fully spelled out | *Surnames which are abbreviated in the records should be recorded fully spelled out | ||
*Naming styles varied between parts of the country, between urban and rural areas, and between social classes. | *Naming styles varied between parts of the country, between urban and rural areas, and between social classes. | ||
*To determine the correct name style for an individual, it is important to know where he or she lived, when he or she lived, and his or her social status. | *To determine the correct name style for an individual, it is important to know where he or she lived, when he or she lived, and his or her social status. | ||
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A specific naming pattern was very common in Norway and in other parts of Europe until about 1900. Although not always followed strictly, the following pattern may be helpful in researching family groups and determining the parents of the mother and father<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Seland, Per. ''[http://www.nagcnl.org/naming-patterns/ Naming Customs In Older And Newer Times.]'' Translation of a reprint from ''Genealogiska Föeninge. 1933-1983'', Stockholm, 1983.</ref><ref>Hadeland Lag of America. ''[https://www.hadelandlag.org/resources/resbasics.htm Hadeland Research Basics: Norwegian names and places, Hadeland research sources.]'' </ref>: | A specific naming pattern was very common in Norway and in other parts of Europe until about 1900. Although not always followed strictly, the following pattern may be helpful in researching family groups and determining the parents of the mother and father<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Seland, Per. ''[http://www.nagcnl.org/naming-patterns/ Naming Customs In Older And Newer Times.]'' Translation of a reprint from ''Genealogiska Föeninge. 1933-1983'', Stockholm, 1983.</ref><ref>Hadeland Lag of America. ''[https://www.hadelandlag.org/resources/resbasics.htm Hadeland Research Basics: Norwegian names and places, Hadeland research sources.]'' </ref>: | ||
* If the couple were living on the husband’s family farm: | *If the couple were living on the husband’s family farm: | ||
** The first boy was named for the husband’s father. | **The first boy was named for the husband’s father. | ||
** The second boy was named for the wife’s father. | **The second boy was named for the wife’s father. | ||
** The first girl was usually named for the husband’s mother but may be named for the wife’s mother. | **The first girl was usually named for the husband’s mother but may be named for the wife’s mother. | ||
** The second girl was named for the other grandmother. | **The second girl was named for the other grandmother. | ||
* If the couple were living on the wife’s family farm: | *If the couple were living on the wife’s family farm: | ||
** The first boy was named for the wife’s father. | **The first boy was named for the wife’s father. | ||
** The second boy was named for the husband’s father. | **The second boy was named for the husband’s father. | ||
** The first girl was usually named for the wife’s mother but may be named for the husband’s mother. | **The first girl was usually named for the wife’s mother but may be named for the husband’s mother. | ||
** The second girl was named for the other grandmother. | **The second girl was named for the other grandmother. | ||
*Additional children were often named for the parents' grandparents. | *Additional children were often named for the parents' grandparents. | ||
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After about 1850, it became the custom in the cities to take permanent surnames. By 1900 most of Norway began doing so. By 1923, when the first law regarding surnames was passed, most people had already adopted the practice of using a permanent family name to be passed to successive generations. When this happened, many Norwegians chose to use the name of their farm (residence) as their surname. | After about 1850, it became the custom in the cities to take permanent surnames. By 1900 most of Norway began doing so. By 1923, when the first law regarding surnames was passed, most people had already adopted the practice of using a permanent family name to be passed to successive generations. When this happened, many Norwegians chose to use the name of their farm (residence) as their surname. | ||
=== Fixed Patronymics === | |||
Fixed Patronymic surnames look like regular patronymics however there are two distinct differences. They did not change from generation to generation but instead remained the same. They always had the -sen or -son suffix for both males and females. This type of surname was primarily found in cities and used by merchants, tradesmen, and other of similar social class. Examples of these can be found in the 1801 census such as the children of Niels Andersen and Elen Christina Iversdatter. | |||
<nowiki>https://www.digitalarkivet.no/ft20090807610552</nowiki> | |||
He is a “gesel” in Bergen and their three children, all daughters, are listed as Alida Andersen, Martha Malena Andersen, and Sophia Andrea Andersen. | |||
In 1923, when the first law regarding surnames was passed, many people that had just a patronymic surname chose to turn that patronymic into a fixed patronymic for their surname. | |||
=== '''Family Names''' === | |||
Family name surnames are fixed surnames passed from a father to all his children that are not based on patronymics. Some families in the upper classes of Norwegian society adopted this type of surname as early as the 1600s. FOOTNOTE Some famous examples of family names are Collett, Leuch, Hagerup, and Wergeland. Examples of these can be found in the 1801 census such as the family of Peter Collet and his wife Ellatine Bendiks. He is an “Assessor i stifte retten” in Kristiansand and their two children as listed as Elisabeth Collet and Peter Collet. | |||
<nowiki>https://www.digitalarkivet.no/ft20090806670611</nowiki> | |||
==Abbreviations== | ==Abbreviations== | ||
When recording surnames, it is important to remember that patronymics were frequently abbreviated in the records. The abbreviations '''dr.''', '''dtr.''', '''d.''', are all substitutes for ''datter''. Likewise, male patronymics are frequently shortened to '''s'''. In a parish where most of the population has a surname ending with ''datter'' or ''sen'', recording the name in full would be needlessly redundant. | When recording surnames, it is important to remember that patronymics were frequently abbreviated in the records. The abbreviations '''dr.''', '''dtr.''', '''d.''', are all substitutes for ''datter''. Likewise, male patronymics are frequently shortened to '''s'''. In a parish where most of the population has a surname ending with ''datter'' or ''sen'', recording the name in full would be needlessly redundant. | ||