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{{ChineseWL-sidebar}} | |||
{{breadcrumb | {{breadcrumb | ||
| link1=[[Genealogical Word Lists|Genealogical Word Lists]] | | link1=[[Genealogical Word Lists|Genealogical Word Lists]] | ||
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| link5=[[Chinese Genealogical Word List|Chinese Genealogical Word List]] | | link5=[[Chinese Genealogical Word List|Chinese Genealogical Word List]] | ||
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==Online Resources== | |||
*[[Chinese Genealogical Word List#Key Words|Word List]] - Research Wiki article | |||
*[https://edge.fscdn.org/assets/static/media/guide.6f876de71394a1409ce9.pdf Chinese Jiapu and Gravestone Character Guide] at FamilySearch | |||
*[http://www.chinese-dictionary.org/ Online Chinese Dictionary] | |||
*[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english-chinese Online Chinese Dictionary] | |||
*[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/mandarin Mandarin language overview] | |||
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/chinese.pdf Chinese Transliteration information] | |||
*[https://www.chinesetools.eu/tools/zhuyin/ Chinese Romanization converter] | |||
*[http://mylanguages.org/learn_chinese.php Chinese basics and grammar] | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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Traditionally, Chinese text was written in vertical columns with characters in each column written from top to bottom and columns starting on the right side of each page and going left.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Written Chinese," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Most genealogical records will have a similar layout, which means the title and cover pages for such records will be in the final pages, rather than what we normally think of as the first pages in the Western sense. In modern times the Western layout of writing characters horizontally from left to right has also been adopted to a degree, but this format is uncommon in earlier records. | Traditionally, Chinese text was written in vertical columns with characters in each column written from top to bottom and columns starting on the right side of each page and going left.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Written Chinese," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Most genealogical records will have a similar layout, which means the title and cover pages for such records will be in the final pages, rather than what we normally think of as the first pages in the Western sense. In modern times the Western layout of writing characters horizontally from left to right has also been adopted to a degree, but this format is uncommon in earlier records. | ||
<br> | |||
==Radicals== | ==Radicals== | ||
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For someone seeking a basic understanding of Chinese writing sufficient to decipher characters identified in genealogical records, a foundation in both the stroke order and radical-based formation of characters is particularly helpful. Such is especially the case in deciphering names of ancestors from hardcopy records, digital images, microfilm and so forth that does not allow the characters to be merely copied and pasted into an online transliteration program (e.g. [https://translate.google.com/ Google Translate], for one).<br> | For someone seeking a basic understanding of Chinese writing sufficient to decipher characters identified in genealogical records, a foundation in both the stroke order and radical-based formation of characters is particularly helpful. Such is especially the case in deciphering names of ancestors from hardcopy records, digital images, microfilm and so forth that does not allow the characters to be merely copied and pasted into an online transliteration program (e.g. [https://translate.google.com/ Google Translate], for one).<br> | ||
==Romanization== | ==Romanization== | ||
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Because Chinese is a tonal language, romanization systems have also incorporated diacritic marks or spellings to account for each separate tone. Mandarin has four tones, which are represented by four different diacritic marks: ͞ (high), / (high rising), ˅ (low rising), and \ (falling). Here are some examples of the application of these diacritic marks in pinyin for the following words: Beijing (北京; běi jīng), China (中國; zhōng guó), husband (丈夫; zhàng fū), and so forth. When recording Chinese names from genealogical records, these diacritic marks are not necessary as they only correspond to the spoken language. Additional information regarding Mandarin tones can be found [https://chinesepod.com/tools/pronunciation/section/17 here]. Tones for any of the Chinese characters found in this Glossary can be obtained by copying the characters into [https://translate.google.com/ Google Translate]. | Because Chinese is a tonal language, romanization systems have also incorporated diacritic marks or spellings to account for each separate tone. Mandarin has four tones, which are represented by four different diacritic marks: ͞ (high), / (high rising), ˅ (low rising), and \ (falling). Here are some examples of the application of these diacritic marks in pinyin for the following words: Beijing (北京; běi jīng), China (中國; zhōng guó), husband (丈夫; zhàng fū), and so forth. When recording Chinese names from genealogical records, these diacritic marks are not necessary as they only correspond to the spoken language. Additional information regarding Mandarin tones can be found [https://chinesepod.com/tools/pronunciation/section/17 here]. Tones for any of the Chinese characters found in this Glossary can be obtained by copying the characters into [https://translate.google.com/ Google Translate]. | ||
<br> | |||
==Gender== | ==Gender== | ||
The Chinese language is largely gender-neutral and possesses few linguistic gender markers.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Gender neutrality in genderless languages," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Unlike Romantic languages, such as Spanish, Italian, and French, nouns are not gender-specific. For instance, the feminine la familia (the family) or the masculine el libro (the book) in Spanish would be rendered in Chinese as the gender-neutral 家 (jiā) for family and 書 (shū) for book. To make specific gender denotation for a noun in Chinese, one may add either 男 (nán - male) or 女 (nǚ - female) at the beginning of the word (e.g. the word for doctor (醫生; yī shēng) could be changed to女醫生 to denote a female doctor), although the common practice generally is to use the gender-neutral form. One of the few instances where gender is denoted in Chinese is the written form of the third-person pronoun 他 (tā). Traditionally, 他was used to represent both he and she, but a relatively new character, 她, is now more commonly used for “she,” with the addition of the female character, 女 (rather than 人 (rén), for “person”), as the initial radical. This differentiation between 他and 她is only applied in written Chinese; in spoken Chinese, 他and 她are both pronounced identically as “tā.”<br> | The Chinese language is largely gender-neutral and possesses few linguistic gender markers.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Gender neutrality in genderless languages," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Unlike Romantic languages, such as Spanish, Italian, and French, nouns are not gender-specific. For instance, the feminine la familia (the family) or the masculine el libro (the book) in Spanish would be rendered in Chinese as the gender-neutral 家 (jiā) for family and 書 (shū) for book. To make specific gender denotation for a noun in Chinese, one may add either 男 (nán - male) or 女 (nǚ - female) at the beginning of the word (e.g. the word for doctor (醫生; yī shēng) could be changed to女醫生 to denote a female doctor), although the common practice generally is to use the gender-neutral form. One of the few instances where gender is denoted in Chinese is the written form of the third-person pronoun 他 (tā). Traditionally, 他was used to represent both he and she, but a relatively new character, 她, is now more commonly used for “she,” with the addition of the female character, 女 (rather than 人 (rén), for “person”), as the initial radical. This differentiation between 他and 她is only applied in written Chinese; in spoken Chinese, 他and 她are both pronounced identically as “tā.”<br> | ||
Due to its late emergence into written Chinese, the third-person female pronoun 她is unlikely to appear in the text of historic genealogical records. One way to identify whether an individual is male or female is to look for the female radical 女 (nǚ) in the given name, but it should be noted that not all female names contain 女, and there are some male names that may also contain the 女 radical. In Chinese genealogical records, female names are often not fully recorded, but are typically recorded only as the surname followed by the character 氏 (shì), a character which can roughly be translated as “clan,” “surname,” or “maiden name.” Therefore, a record with an individual named 陳氏 (chén shì) would refer to a woman from the Chen (陳) clan or could also be translated as “Ms. Chen,” with Chen being her maiden name. | Due to its late emergence into written Chinese, the third-person female pronoun 她is unlikely to appear in the text of historic genealogical records. One way to identify whether an individual is male or female is to look for the female radical 女 (nǚ) in the given name, but it should be noted that not all female names contain 女, and there are some male names that may also contain the 女 radical. In Chinese genealogical records, female names are often not fully recorded,<ref>Geni Guide to Chinese Names, Geni'', https://www.geni.com/projects/Geni%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E5%2590%258D%25E5%25AD%2597%25E6%258C%2587%25E5%258D%2597/38706, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> but are typically recorded only as the surname followed by the character 氏 (shì), a character which can roughly be translated as “clan,” “surname,” or “maiden name.” Therefore, a record with an individual named 陳氏 (chén shì) would refer to a woman from the Chen (陳) clan or could also be translated as “Ms. Chen,” with Chen being her maiden name. | ||
<br> | |||
==Plurals== | ==Plurals== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
The character們 can also be used to make a noun plural, similar to a final “s” for countable regular nouns in English, but this generally only applies to human nouns in Chinese. For instance, the word 同學 (classmate; ''tóng xué'') can become 同學們 (classmates; ''tóng xué men''), 同事 (colleague; ''tóng shì'') becomes 同事們 (colleagues; tóng ''shì men''), 女士 (lady; ''nǚ shì'') becomes 女士們 (ladies; ''nǚ shì men''), and so forth. <br> | The character們 can also be used to make a noun plural, similar to a final “s” for countable regular nouns in English, but this generally only applies to human nouns in Chinese.<ref>Chinese Language, StackExchange, https://chinese.stackexchange.com/questions/6802/when-to-use-%E4%BB%AC, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> For instance, the word 同學 (classmate; ''tóng xué'') can become 同學們 (classmates; ''tóng xué men''), 同事 (colleague; ''tóng shì'') becomes 同事們 (colleagues; tóng ''shì men''), 女士 (lady; ''nǚ shì'') becomes 女士們 (ladies; ''nǚ shì men''), and so forth. <br> | ||
Beyond the occasional use of 們, the plural in Chinese is generally either inferred from context or designated by the placement of a number.<ref>''Chinese Plural, MyLanguages'', http://mylanguages.org/chinese_plural.php, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> When quantifying a noun in Chinese, classifiers are placed between the number and the noun, similar to the way in which uncountable nouns are designated in English (e.g. One '''cup''' of milk, a '''kernel''' of corn, a '''sum''' of money, etc.). Some examples of Chinese classifiers are as follows: | Beyond the occasional use of 們, the plural in Chinese is generally either inferred from context or designated by the placement of a number.<ref>''Chinese Plural, MyLanguages'', http://mylanguages.org/chinese_plural.php, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> When quantifying a noun in Chinese, classifiers are placed between the number and the noun, similar to the way in which uncountable nouns are designated in English (e.g. One '''cup''' of milk, a '''kernel''' of corn, a '''sum''' of money, etc.). Some examples of Chinese classifiers are as follows: | ||
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==Verb Tense== | ==Verb Tense== | ||
Chinese verbs do not undergo conjugation. All verbs have a single form, regardless of the preceding pronoun or subject or whether the verb is being used in the past, present or future. Chinese verb tenses are generally inferred from context or by the placement of time words as highlighted in the following examples:<br> | Chinese verbs do not undergo conjugation. All verbs have a single form, regardless of the preceding pronoun or subject or whether the verb is being used in the past, present or future.<ref>Su, Qiu Gui. “How to Use Verb Tenses in Chinese", https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-timeframes-2279615, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Chinese verb tenses are generally inferred from context or by the placement of time words as highlighted in the following examples:<br> | ||
{| width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" | {| width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" | ||
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Additional examples of verb tense in Chinese can be found [https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-timeframes-2279615 here]. <br> | Additional examples of verb tense in Chinese can be found [https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-timeframes-2279615 here]. <br> | ||
== Affirmative/Negative == | |||
Chinese doesn't have any universal word for "yes" and "no."<ref>How to Say "Yes" and "No" in Chinese, https://www.omeidachinese.com/yes-no-chinese/</ref> Instead, answering in the affirmative or negative is usually done by repeating the verb used by the asker: | |||
Repeating the verb indicates “yes.” | |||
Using 不 + the verb indicates “no.” | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable FCK__ShowTableBorders" width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | |||
|- | |||
| class="xl25" | '''Chinese Phrase''' | |||
| class="xl25" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
| class="xl25" | '''English (literal)''' | |||
| class="xl25" | '''English Meaning''' | |||
|- | |||
| class="xl24" | Q：你喜欢苹果吗？ | |||
A：喜欢 | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: Nǐ xǐ huan píng guǒ ma? | |||
A: xǐ huan 。 | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: You like apples? | |||
A: Like | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: Do you like apples? | |||
A: Yes | |||
|- | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: 你要这个吗？ | |||
A: 不要 | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: Nǐ yào zhè ge ma？ | |||
A: Bú yào。 | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: You want this? | |||
A: Not want | |||
| class="xl24" | Q: Do you want this? | |||
A: No | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
More information on using the affirmative and negative (yes/no) in Mandarin can be found [https://www.omeidachinese.com/yes-no-chinese/ here] . | |||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
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The word list below includes words that may be most commonly found in genealogical sources. A list of Chinese trades and occupations and the English equivalents can be found [http://carlgene.com/blog/2011/08/49-trades-crafts-and-occupations-in-english-and-chinese/ here].<br> | The word list below includes words that may be most commonly found in genealogical sources. A list of Chinese trades and occupations and the English equivalents can be found [http://carlgene.com/blog/2011/08/49-trades-crafts-and-occupations-in-english-and-chinese/ here].<br> | ||
For further help, use a Chinese-English or English-Chinese dictionary. At the | For further help, use a Chinese-English or English-Chinese dictionary. At the FamilySearch Library, Chinese dictionaries are cataloged with call numbers 423.951 and 495.1321 – 495.17321. The following dictionaries available for reference in hardcopy format at the FamilySearch Library may be particularly helpful: | ||
*Mathews, Robert Henry, Mathews’ Chinese-English Dictionary | *Mathews, Robert Henry, Mathews’ Chinese-English Dictionary | ||
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1943 (ISBN: 0674123506; Call No. 495.1321) | Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1943 (ISBN: 0674123506; Call No. 495.1321) | ||
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Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co. (Hong Kong Branch), 1975 (Call No. 423.951) | Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co. (Hong Kong Branch), 1975 (Call No. 423.951) | ||
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the | Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=1927073&query=%2Bsubject%3AChina%20%2Bsubject%3Adirectories&subjectsOpen=369682-50 China – Language and languages - Dictionaries]. Most bookstores also carry inexpensive Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries.<br><br> | ||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
Chinese has two sets of numbers. The most regularly-used set of numbers can be roughly translated as “small writing” (小寫; xiǎo xiě), and for the purposes of this glossary will be referred to as “numbers.” The other set is used in more formal contexts (e.g. financial, commercial, archival, etc.) and can be roughly translated as “large writing” (大寫; dà xiě), or more commonly, “financial numbers.” The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3, etc.) versions of each number and financial number 0-10 as well as multiples of 10 up through 10,000 in Chinese.<br><br> | Chinese has two sets of numbers. The most regularly-used set of numbers can be roughly translated as “small writing” (小寫; xiǎo xiě), and for the purposes of this glossary will be referred to as “numbers.” The other set is used in more formal contexts (e.g. financial, commercial, archival, etc.) and can be roughly translated as “large writing” (大寫; dà xiě), or more commonly, “financial numbers.”<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Chinese numerals," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_numerals, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3, etc.) versions of each number and financial number 0-10 as well as multiples of 10 up through 10,000 in Chinese.<br><br> | ||
{| width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" | {| width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" | ||
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For ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), the character 第 (dì) is placed before the cardinal number. For example, 第一is 1st, 第二is 2nd, 第三is 3rd, etc.<br> | For ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), the character 第 (dì) is placed before the cardinal number. For example, 第一is 1st, 第二is 2nd, 第三is 3rd, etc.<br> | ||
<br> | |||
==Dates/Calendar== | ==Dates/Calendar== | ||
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===Chinese/Lunar Calendar=== | ===Chinese/Lunar Calendar=== | ||
The above dates apply only to the Gregorian calendar, which was adopted in China in 1912. Prior to 1912, the Chinese exclusively utilized the Chinese calendar, which is still used in China today (including Taiwan and Hong Kong) albeit to a much lesser degree. The Chinese calendar is known officially as the Rural Calendar (農曆; Nónglì), but is often referred to by other names, such as the Former Calendar (舊曆; Jiùlì), or the Lunar Calendar (陰曆; Yīnlì).<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Chinese Calendar," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar , accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> <br> | The above dates apply only to the Gregorian calendar, which was adopted in China in 1912.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#China_and_Taiwan, accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> Prior to 1912, the Chinese exclusively utilized the Chinese calendar, which is still used in China today (including Taiwan and Hong Kong) albeit to a much lesser degree. The Chinese calendar is known officially as the Rural Calendar (農曆; Nónglì), but is often referred to by other names, such as the Former Calendar (舊曆; Jiùlì), or the Lunar Calendar (陰曆; Yīnlì).<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Chinese Calendar," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar , accessed 1 February 2018.</ref> <br> | ||
Understanding the Chinese calendar is a critical component in conducting Chinese genealogy research; otherwise, dates of events, including births, deaths, marriages, and so forth, cannot be correctly recorded. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is based on 100-year periods, or centuries, the Chinese calendar is based on sixty-year periods comprising what is referred to as the sexagenary cycle (六十花甲; liù shí huā jiǎ). The sexagenary cycle, also referred to as the Stems and Branches (干支; Gān zhī), is divided up into a combination of ten Heavenly Stems (天干; tiān gān) and twelve Earthly Branches (地支; dì zhī) as follows: | Understanding the Chinese calendar is a critical component in conducting Chinese genealogy research; otherwise, dates of events, including births, deaths, marriages, and so forth, cannot be correctly recorded. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is based on 100-year periods, or centuries, the Chinese calendar is based on sixty-year periods comprising what is referred to as the sexagenary cycle (六十花甲; liù shí huā jiǎ). The sexagenary cycle, also referred to as the Stems and Branches (干支; Gān zhī), is divided up into a combination of ten Heavenly Stems (天干; tiān gān) and twelve Earthly Branches (地支; dì zhī) as follows: | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
Within the sexagenary cycle, the Heavenly Stems repeat six times (10 x 6 = 60) and the Earthly Branches repeat five times (12 x 5 = 60). Using this pattern, the first year of every sexagenary cycle is 甲子 (jiǎ zǐ) and the 60th year is 癸亥 (guǐ hài). A complete table showing all sixty years of the sexagenary cycle can be found [ | Within the sexagenary cycle, the Heavenly Stems repeat six times (10 x 6 = 60) and the Earthly Branches repeat five times (12 x 5 = 60). Using this pattern, the first year of every sexagenary cycle is 甲子 (jiǎ zǐ) and the 60th year is 癸亥 (guǐ hài). A complete table showing all sixty years of the sexagenary cycle can be found [https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/stemsandbranches.htm here]. <br> | ||
Another step in converting the Chinese calendar to the Gregorian calendar is to identify the reign year (帝號; dì hào) or the reign title (年號; nián hào), which corresponds to which emperor was on the throne at the time. A complete listing of Chinese imperial reigns can be found [http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/chinahistory/dyn17-u.html#d-21 here]]. Identifying both the reign year and the sexagenary cycle designator (i.e. Heavenly Stem and Earthly Branch combination) on a historical record will then allow accurate conversion to the Gregorian calendar.<br> | Another step in converting the Chinese calendar to the Gregorian calendar is to identify the reign year (帝號; dì hào) or the reign title (年號; nián hào), which corresponds to which emperor was on the throne at the time. A complete listing of Chinese imperial reigns can be found [http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/chinahistory/dyn17-u.html#d-21 here]]. Identifying both the reign year and the sexagenary cycle designator (i.e. Heavenly Stem and Earthly Branch combination) on a historical record will then allow accurate conversion to the Gregorian calendar.<br> | ||
As an example of a conversion, a record containing 大清乾隆己未 (dà qīng qián lóng jǐ wèi) would refer to the Qing Dynasty (大清), which lasted from 1644-1912; followed by the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆), which lasted from 1736-1795; and the year 己未. Using Qianlong’s reign from 1736-1795 as a point of reference, one could then utilize online resources (such as [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E6%9C%AA here]) to determine that己未refers to the Gregorian year of 1739. <br> | As an example of a conversion, a record containing 大清乾隆己未 (dà qīng qián lóng jǐ wèi) would refer to the Qing Dynasty (大清), which lasted from 1644-1912; followed by the reign of Emperor Qianlong (乾隆), which lasted from 1736-1795; and the year 己未. Using Qianlong’s reign from 1736-1795 as a point of reference, one could then utilize online resources (such as [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E6%9C%AA here]) to determine that己未refers to the Gregorian year of 1739.<ref>King, Tony. Helps for Reading Chinese Genealogies, unpublished paper (Last updated: September 2015).</ref> <br> | ||
In addition to the Chinese and Gregorian calendars, the Minguo or Republic of China calendar (民國紀元; mín guó jì yuán) is also in use today, but almost exclusively in Taiwan. This calendar originated in 1912, the year in which the Republic of China was established. To convert a Minguo calendar date to the Gregorian calendar, add 1911 to the Minguo year. For instance, Minguo year 107 is Gregorian year 2018. | In addition to the Chinese and Gregorian calendars, the Minguo or Republic of China calendar (民國紀元; mín guó jì yuán) is also in use today, but almost exclusively in Taiwan. This calendar originated in 1912, the year in which the Republic of China was established. To convert a Minguo calendar date to the Gregorian calendar, add 1911 to the Minguo year. For instance, Minguo year 107 is Gregorian year 2018. | ||
<br> | |||
==Key Words== | ==Key Words== | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
{| width="70%" | {| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CFF3FF" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CFF3FF" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CFF3FF" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="left" | Age | | align="left" | Age | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<br><br> | |||
==General Word List== | ==General Word List== | ||
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===A=== | ===A=== | ||
{| width="70%" | {| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="left" | Accountant | | align="left" | Accountant | ||
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===B=== | ===B=== | ||
{| width="70%" | {| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="left" | Banker | | align="left" | Banker | ||
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===C=== | ===C=== | ||
{| width="70%" | {| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="left" | Carpenter | | align="left" | Carpenter | ||
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===D=== | ===D=== | ||
{| width="70%" | {| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="left" | Date (n) | | align="left" | Date (n) | ||
| Line 823: | Line 875: | ||
| align="left" | 王朝, 朝代 | | align="left" | 王朝, 朝代 | ||
| align="left" | ''wáng cháo, cháo dài'' | | align="left" | ''wáng cháo, cháo dài'' | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===E=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | East | |||
| align="left" | 東 | |||
| align="left" | ''dōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Eastern Han Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 東漢朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''dōng hàn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Eastern Jin Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 東晉朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''dōng jìn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Eastern Zhou Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 東周朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''dōng zhōu cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Eldest son | |||
| align="left" | 長子 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhǎng zǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Emigrant, overseas Chinese | |||
| align="left" | 僑, 華僑 | |||
| align="left" | ''qiáo, huá qiáo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Empire | |||
| align="left" | 帝國 | |||
| align="left" | ''dì guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Emperor | |||
| align="left" | 皇帝 | |||
| align="left" | ''huáng dì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Empress | |||
| align="left" | 皇后 | |||
| align="left" | ''huáng hòu'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | England | |||
| align="left" | 英國 | |||
| align="left" | ''yīng guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Eunuch | |||
| align="left" | 宦官 | |||
| align="left" | ''huàn guān'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===F=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Farmer | |||
| align="left" | 農人 | |||
| align="left" | ''nóng rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | February | |||
| align="left" | 二月 (貳月) | |||
| align="left" | ''èr yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | First ancestor | |||
| align="left" | 始祖 | |||
| align="left" | ''shǐ zǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | First migrant ancestor | |||
| align="left" | 始遷祖 | |||
| align="left" | ''shǐ qiān zǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Fisherman | |||
| align="left" | 漁夫 | |||
| align="left" | ''yú fū'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms | |||
| align="left" | 五代十國 | |||
| align="left" | ''wǔ dài shí guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Foreigner (derogatory) | |||
| align="left" | 洋鬼子, 鬼佬 | |||
| align="left" | ''yáng guǐ zi, guǐ lǎo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Foreigner (polite) | |||
| align="left" | 外人, 洋人, 外國人 | |||
| align="left" | ''wài rén, yáng rén, wài guó rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Forest | |||
| align="left" | 林, 森林 | |||
| align="left" | ''lín, sēn lín'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Friday | |||
| align="left" | 周五, 星期五, 禮拜五 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu wǔ, xīng qí wǔ, lǐ bài wǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Friend | |||
| align="left" | 朋友 | |||
| align="left" | ''péng yǒu'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===G=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Gardener | |||
| align="left" | 園丁, 花匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''yuán dīng, huā jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Generation | |||
| align="left" | 世代 | |||
| align="left" | ''shì dài'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Generation name | |||
| align="left" | 輩字 | |||
| align="left" | ''bèi zì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Generation poem | |||
| align="left" | 字輩詞 | |||
| align="left" | ''zì bèi cí'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Gentry/scholars | |||
| align="left" | 士 | |||
| align="left" | ''shì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Goldsmith | |||
| align="left" | 金匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''jīn jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Government | |||
| align="left" | 政府 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhèng fǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Granddaughter | |||
| align="left" | 孫女 | |||
| align="left" | ''sūn nǚ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Grandson | |||
| align="left" | 孫子 | |||
| align="left" | ''sūn zi'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Grave (n) | |||
| align="left" | 墓 | |||
| align="left" | ''mù'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===H=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Herdsman | |||
| align="left" | 牧人 | |||
| align="left" | ''mù rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Hill | |||
| align="left" | 丘 | |||
| align="left" | ''qiū'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | History | |||
| align="left" | 歷史 | |||
| align="left" | ''lì shǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Hometown, rural area | |||
| align="left" | 鄉 | |||
| align="left" | ''xiāng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Hong Kong | |||
| align="left" | 香港 | |||
| align="left" | ''xiāng gǎng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Hour | |||
| align="left" | 時 | |||
| align="left" | ''shí'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | House | |||
| align="left" | 房子, 住宅 | |||
| align="left" | ''fáng zi, zhù zhái'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Housekeeper | |||
| align="left" | 管家 | |||
| align="left" | ''guǎn jiā'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Housewife | |||
| align="left" | 主婦 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhǔ fù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Hunter | |||
| align="left" | 獵人 | |||
| align="left" | ''liè rén'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===I=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Immigrant | |||
| align="left" | 移民 | |||
| align="left" | ''yí mín'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Infant | |||
| align="left" | 嬰兒 | |||
| align="left" | ''yīng ér'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Inheritance | |||
| align="left" | 遺產 | |||
| align="left" | ''yí chǎn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Island | |||
| align="left" | 島, 島嶼 | |||
| align="left" | ''dǎo, dǎo yǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===J=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | January | |||
| align="left" | 一月 (壹月) | |||
| align="left" | ''yī yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Japan | |||
| align="left" | 日本 | |||
| align="left" | ''rì běn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Jeweler | |||
| align="left" | 珠寶商 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhū bǎo shāng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Jin Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 晉朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''jìn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Judge (n) | |||
| align="left" | 法官 | |||
| align="left" | ''fǎ guān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | July | |||
| align="left" | 七月 (柒月) | |||
| align="left" | ''qī yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | June | |||
| align="left" | 六月 (陸月) | |||
| align="left" | ''liù yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===K=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Kilometer | |||
| align="left" | 公里 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng lǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Kingdom of Dali | |||
| align="left" | 大理國 | |||
| align="left" | ''dà lǐ guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Korea | |||
| align="left" | 韓國 | |||
| align="left" | ''hán guó'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===L=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Laborer | |||
| align="left" | 勞工 | |||
| align="left" | ''láo gōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Lake | |||
| align="left" | 湖 | |||
| align="left" | ''hú'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Landlord | |||
| align="left" | 房東 | |||
| align="left" | ''fáng dōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Law | |||
| align="left" | 法 | |||
| align="left" | ''fǎ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Left (direction) | |||
| align="left" | 左 | |||
| align="left" | ''zuǒ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Legal | |||
| align="left" | 法律 | |||
| align="left" | ''fǎ lǜ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Legitimate, legal | |||
| align="left" | 合法 | |||
| align="left" | ''hé fǎ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Liao Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 遼朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''liáo cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Library | |||
| align="left" | 圖書館 | |||
| align="left" | ''tú shū guǎn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Location (place) | |||
| align="left" | 地方 | |||
| align="left" | ''dì fāng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Locksmith | |||
| align="left" | 鎖匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''suǒ jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===M=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Manchuria | |||
| align="left" | 满洲 | |||
| align="left" | ''mǎn zhōu'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Map | |||
| align="left" | 地圖 | |||
| align="left" | ''dì tú'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | March | |||
| align="left" | 三月 (叁月) | |||
| align="left" | ''sān yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Market | |||
| align="left" | 市場, 商場 | |||
| align="left" | ''shì chǎng, shāng chǎng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Married | |||
| align="left" | 已婚 | |||
| align="left" | ''yǐ hūn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Mason | |||
| align="left" | 石匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''shí jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Maternal grandfather | |||
| align="left" | 外公 | |||
| align="left" | ''wài gōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Maternal grandmother | |||
| align="left" | 外婆 | |||
| align="left" | ''wài pó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | May | |||
| align="left" | 五月 (伍月) | |||
| align="left" | ''wǔ yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Merchant | |||
| align="left" | 商人 | |||
| align="left" | ''shāng rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Meter | |||
| align="left" | 公尺 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng chǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Midwife | |||
| align="left" | 助產士 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhù chǎn shì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Mile (Chinese) | |||
| align="left" | 公里 | |||
| align="left" | ''gong lǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Mile (UK) | |||
| align="left" | 英里 | |||
| align="left" | ''yīng lǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Miner | |||
| align="left" | 礦工 | |||
| align="left" | ''kuàng gōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Ming Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 明朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''míng cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Monday | |||
| align="left" | 周一, 星期一, 禮拜一 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu yī, xīng qí yī, lǐ bài yī'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Money | |||
| align="left" | 錢 | |||
| align="left" | ''qián'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Mongolia | |||
| align="left" | 蒙古 | |||
| align="left" | ''méng gǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Mountain | |||
| align="left" | 山 | |||
| align="left" | ''shān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Move, migrate | |||
| align="left" | 遷 | |||
| align="left" | ''qiān'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===N=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Name | |||
| align="left" | 名, 名字 | |||
| align="left" | ''míng, míng zì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Nationality | |||
| align="left" | 國籍 | |||
| align="left" | ''guó jí'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Native | |||
| align="left" | 本地人, 本國人 | |||
| align="left" | ''běn dì rén, běn guó rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Navy | |||
| align="left" | 海軍 | |||
| align="left" | ''hǎi jūn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | New | |||
| align="left" | 新 | |||
| align="left" | ''xīn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Newspaper | |||
| align="left" | 報紙 | |||
| align="left" | ''bào zhǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | North | |||
| align="left" | 北 | |||
| align="left" | ''běi'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Northern Song Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 北宋朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''běi song cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Notary | |||
| align="left" | 公證 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng zhèng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | November | |||
| align="left" | 十一月 (拾壹月) | |||
| align="left" | ''shí yī yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Number | |||
| align="left" | 號碼 | |||
| align="left" | ''hào mǎ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Nurse | |||
| align="left" | 護士 | |||
| align="left" | ''hù shì'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===O=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | October | |||
| align="left" | 十月 (拾月) | |||
| align="left" | ''shí yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Official (n) | |||
| align="left" | 官 | |||
| align="left" | ''guān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Old | |||
| align="left" | 老 | |||
| align="left" | ''lǎo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Originating ancestor | |||
| align="left" | 本祖 | |||
| align="left" | ''běn zǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Orphan | |||
| align="left" | 孤兒 | |||
| align="left" | ''gū ér'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===P=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Painter | |||
| align="left" | 畫家 | |||
| align="left" | ''huà jiā'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Palace | |||
| align="left" | 宮 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Passport | |||
| align="left" | 護照 | |||
| align="left" | ''hù zhào'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Paternal grandfather | |||
| align="left" | 爺爺, 祖父 | |||
| align="left" | ''yé yé, zǔ fù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Paternal grandmother | |||
| align="left" | 奶奶, 祖母 | |||
| align="left" | ''nǎi nai, zǔ mǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Peasant | |||
| align="left" | 農民 | |||
| align="left" | ''nóng mín'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | People's Republic of China (PRC) | |||
| align="left" | 中華人民共和國 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Periodical | |||
| align="left" | 期刊 | |||
| align="left" | ''qí kān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Place (location) | |||
| align="left" | 地方 | |||
| align="left" | ''dì fāng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Plague | |||
| align="left" | 鼠疫, 瘟疫 | |||
| align="left" | ''shǔ yì, wēn yì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Policeman | |||
| align="left" | 警察, 警官 | |||
| align="left" | ''jǐng chá, jǐng guān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Population | |||
| align="left" | 人口 | |||
| align="left" | ''rén kǒu'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Port city | |||
| align="left" | 埠 | |||
| align="left" | ''bù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Potter | |||
| align="left" | 製陶工人 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhì táo gong rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Prefecture | |||
| align="left" | 州 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Pregnant | |||
| align="left" | 孕, 懷孕 | |||
| align="left" | ''yùn, huái yùn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Prince | |||
| align="left" | 王子 | |||
| align="left" | ''wáng zǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Princess | |||
| align="left" | 公主, 王妃 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng zhǔ, wáng fēi'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Property | |||
| align="left" | 財產 | |||
| align="left" | ''cái chǎn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Prostitute | |||
| align="left" | 妓女 | |||
| align="left" | ''jì nǚ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Province | |||
| align="left" | 省 | |||
| align="left" | ''shěng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Publish (books) | |||
| align="left" | 出版 | |||
| align="left" | ''chū bǎn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Q=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Qin Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 秦朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''qín cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Qing Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 清朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''qīng cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===R=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Receive surname | |||
| align="left" | 受姓 | |||
| align="left" | ''shòu xìng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Record (n) | |||
| align="left" | 記錄 | |||
| align="left" | ''jì lù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Register (roll) | |||
| align="left" | 名册 | |||
| align="left" | ''míng cè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Registration | |||
| align="left" | 登記 | |||
| align="left" | ''dēng jì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Relative (family) | |||
| align="left" | 親, 親戚 | |||
| align="left" | ''qīn, qīn qī'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Relationship | |||
| align="left" | 係,關係 | |||
| align="left" | ''xì, guān xì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Religion | |||
| align="left" | 宗教 | |||
| align="left" | ''zōng jiào'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Republic of China (ROC) | |||
| align="left" | 中華民國 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōng huá mín guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Respectful term of address for elderly man or father | |||
| align="left" | 公 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Right (direction) | |||
| align="left" | 右 | |||
| align="left" | ''yòu'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Rite | |||
| align="left" | 儀式 | |||
| align="left" | ''yí shì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | River | |||
| align="left" | 河 | |||
| align="left" | ''hé'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Road | |||
| align="left" | 路, 道 | |||
| align="left" | ''lù, dào'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===S=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Saturday | |||
| align="left" | 周六, 星期六, 禮拜六 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu liù, xīng qí liù, lǐ bài liù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Seamstress | |||
| align="left" | 裁縫 | |||
| align="left" | ''cái féng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Second generation ancestors | |||
| align="left" | 二世祖 | |||
| align="left" | ''èr shì zǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Second son | |||
| align="left" | 次子 | |||
| align="left" | ''cì zǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | September | |||
| align="left" | 九月 (玖月) | |||
| align="left" | ''jiǔ yuè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Servant | |||
| align="left" | 僕人 | |||
| align="left" | ''pú rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Shang Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 商朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''shāng cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Shepherd | |||
| align="left" | 牧人 | |||
| align="left" | ''mù rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Shoemaker | |||
| align="left" | 鞋匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''xié jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Signature | |||
| align="left" | 簽字, 簽名 | |||
| align="left" | ''qiān zì, qiān míng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Smith | |||
| align="left" | 工匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''gōng jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Soldier | |||
| align="left" | 士兵, 戰士, 軍人 | |||
| align="left" | ''shì bīng, zhàn shì, jūn rén'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | South | |||
| align="left" | 南 | |||
| align="left" | ''nán'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Southern and Northern Dynasties | |||
| align="left" | 南北朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''nán běi cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Southern Song Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 南宋朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''nán song cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Spouse | |||
| align="left" | 配, 妣 | |||
| align="left" | ''pèi, bǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Spring and Autumn Period | |||
| align="left" | 春秋時代 | |||
| align="left" | ''chūn qiū shí dài'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Stillborn | |||
| align="left" | 死胎 | |||
| align="left" | ''sǐ tāi'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Stonecutter | |||
| align="left" | 石匠 | |||
| align="left" | ''shí jiàng'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Street | |||
| align="left" | 街 | |||
| align="left" | ''jiē'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Sui Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 隋朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''suí cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Sunday | |||
| align="left" | 周日, 星期日, 禮拜日 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu rì, xīng qí rì, lǐ bài rì'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===T=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Taboo name (for deceased emperor or head of family) | |||
| align="left" | 諱 | |||
| align="left" | ''huì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Taiwan | |||
| align="left" | 臺灣 (台灣) | |||
| align="left" | ''tái wān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Tang Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 唐朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''táng cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Tax (n) | |||
| align="left" | 稅 | |||
| align="left" | ''shuì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Teacher | |||
| align="left" | 老師 | |||
| align="left" | ''lǎo shī'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Temple | |||
| align="left" | 寺廟 | |||
| align="left" | ''sì miào'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Third son | |||
| align="left" | 三子 | |||
| align="left" | ''sān zǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Three Kingdoms | |||
| align="left" | 三國 | |||
| align="left" | ''sān guó'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Thursday | |||
| align="left" | 周四, 星期四, 禮拜四 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu sì, xīng qí sì, lǐ bài sì'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Today | |||
| align="left" | 今日, 今天 | |||
| align="left" | ''jīn rì, jīn tiān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Tomorrow | |||
| align="left" | 明日, 明天 | |||
| align="left" | ''míng rì, míng tiān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Town | |||
| align="left" | 鎮 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhèn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Trade | |||
| align="left" | 行業 | |||
| align="left" | ''háng yè'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Tuesday | |||
| align="left" | 周二, 星期二, 禮拜二 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu èr, xīng qí èr, lǐ bài èr'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===U=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Unknown | |||
| align="left" | 未知, 不明 | |||
| align="left" | ''wèi zhī, bù míng'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===V=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Village | |||
| align="left" | 村 | |||
| align="left" | ''cūn'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Virgin | |||
| align="left" | 處女 | |||
| align="left" | ''chǔ nǚ'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===W=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Warring States Period | |||
| align="left" | 戰國時代 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhàn guó shí dài'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Wedding | |||
| align="left" | 婚禮 | |||
| align="left" | ''hūn lǐ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Wednesday | |||
| align="left" | 周三, 星期三, 禮拜三 | |||
| align="left" | ''zhōu sān, xīng qí sān, lǐ bài sān'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | West | |||
| align="left" | 西 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Western Han Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 西漢朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī hàn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Western Jin Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 西晉朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī jìn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Western Liao Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 西遼朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī liáo cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Western Xia Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 西夏朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī xià cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Western Zhou Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 西周朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xī zhōu cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Wet nurse | |||
| align="left" | 乳母 | |||
| align="left" | ''rǔ mǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Widow | |||
| align="left" | 寡婦 | |||
| align="left" | ''guǎ fù'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Widower | |||
| align="left" | 鰥夫 | |||
| align="left" | ''guān fū'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Will (document) | |||
| align="left" | 遺囑 | |||
| align="left" | ''yí zhǔ'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Woodcarver | |||
| align="left" | 木雕 | |||
| align="left" | ''mù diāo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Woodcutter | |||
| align="left" | 樵夫 | |||
| align="left" | ''qiáo fū'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===X=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Xia Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 夏朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xià cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Xin Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 新朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''xīn cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Y=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Yuan Dynasty | |||
| align="left" | 元朝 | |||
| align="left" | ''yuán cháo'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Z=== | |||
{| width="70%" class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''English''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Chinese''' | |||
! width="20%" bgcolor="#7F FF D4" align="left" | '''Pinyin''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="left" | Zodiac (Chinese) | |||
| align="left" | 生肖 | |||
| align="left" | ''shēng xiào'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[[Category:Word List]] | [[Category:Word List]][[Category:Chinese Genealogy]][[Category:Hong Kong]][[Category:Taiwan]] | ||
edits