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[[Image:Oregon Trail.jpg|thumb|left|803px|<center>Oregon Trail map.</center>]]'''Decline of trail use.''' In 1855 the Oregon Trail (and California Trail) traffic declined dramatically for at least two reasons. First, Oregon's free land incentive ended in 1855. From 1850 to 1854 pioneers could claim 300 acres of land for free. From 1855 to 1862 Oregon pioneers were required to pay for government land. The next free-land opportunities were not created in Oregon until the 1862 Homestead Act was passed. Second, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Railroad Panama Railroad] was completed with steamship links that made transportation from the east coast to the west coast of America more practical than using an overland wagon trail.<ref name="OrTr" />  
'''Decline of trail use.''' In 1855 the Oregon Trail (and California Trail) traffic declined dramatically for at least two reasons. First, Oregon's free land incentive ended in 1855. From 1850 to 1854 pioneers could claim 300 acres of land for free. From 1855 to 1862 Oregon pioneers were required to pay for government land. The next free-land opportunities were not created in Oregon until the 1862 Homestead Act was passed. Second, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Railroad Panama Railroad] was completed with steamship links that made transportation from the east coast to the west coast of America more practical than using an overland wagon trail.<ref name="OrTr" />  


Another factor that later diminished the use of the Oregon Trail was American railroads. The [[First Transcontinental Railroad|transcontinental]] [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] and [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]] railroads completed in 1869 to Sacramento, California made that route faster, safer, and less expensive than traveling the Oregon Trail. Railroads to Oregon were developed in the 1870s. Nevertheless, a few emigrants continued to use the Oregon Trail as late as the 1890s.<ref name="OrTr" />  
Another factor that later diminished the use of the Oregon Trail was American railroads. The [[First Transcontinental Railroad|transcontinental]] [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] and [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]] railroads completed in 1869 to Sacramento, California made that route faster, safer, and less expensive than traveling the Oregon Trail. Railroads to Oregon were developed in the 1870s. Nevertheless, a few emigrants continued to use the Oregon Trail as late as the 1890s.<ref name="OrTr" />  


== Main Route  ==
== Main Route  ==
 
[[Image:Oregon Trail.jpg|thumb|left|803px|<center>Oregon Trail map.</center>]]
The Oregon Trail was miles wide with many variations. Emigrants started on their journey from many sundry "jumping off points" in three states. Some took a variety of shortcuts, and others traveled on different sides of the rivers from other emigrants. Travelers often completed their journey in [[Idaho, United States Genealogy|Idaho]], [[Washington, United States Genealogy|Washington]] or places other than Oregon City. The Oregon Trail was the trunk trail for several other branch trails. The [[California Trail]] starting 1846, the [[Mormon Trail]] in 1847, and the [[Bozeman Trail]] beginning 1863 branched off from the main Oregon Trail.<ref name="OrTr" />  
The Oregon Trail was miles wide with many variations. Emigrants started on their journey from many sundry "jumping off points" in three states. Some took a variety of shortcuts, and others traveled on different sides of the rivers from other emigrants. Travelers often completed their journey in [[Idaho, United States Genealogy|Idaho]], [[Washington, United States Genealogy|Washington]] or places other than Oregon City. The Oregon Trail was the trunk trail for several other branch trails. The [[California Trail]] starting 1846, the [[Mormon Trail]] in 1847, and the [[Bozeman Trail]] beginning 1863 branched off from the main Oregon Trail.<ref name="OrTr" />  


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*Oregon Pioneer List (OPL) Project master index at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~orpionpr/master.html (accessed 15 July 2011). A few hundred names of pioneers prior to 1901, many with biographical and submitter information.
*Oregon Pioneer List (OPL) Project master index at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~orpionpr/master.html (accessed 15 July 2011). A few hundred names of pioneers prior to 1901, many with biographical and submitter information.


<br> '''Oregon Land Records. '''<br>''Provisional-government records.''<br>Oregon's provisional government was established in the spring of 1843. Inhabitants were permitted to stake out claims and survey them by the metes and bounds method. Over 4,000 claims were made. When Congress established the Territory of Oregon in 1848, that system ended. The provisional claims have been abstracted and published by the Genealogical Forum of Oregon.  
'''Oregon Land Records. '''<br>''Provisional-government records.''<br>Oregon's provisional government was established in the spring of 1843. Inhabitants were permitted to stake out claims and survey them by the metes and bounds method. Over 4,000 claims were made. When Congress established the Territory of Oregon in 1848, that system ended. The provisional claims have been abstracted and published by the Genealogical Forum of Oregon.  
 
<br>''Federal land records.''<br>The federal Donation Act of 1850 encouraged settlement of Oregon Territory by granting 320 acres to white male citizens, or those who intended to become citizens, who settled on the land prior to 1 December 1850. Wives were eligible for an additional 320 acres. White male citizens who arrived between 1 December 1850 and 1 December 1853 could apply for 160 acres, with wives receiving an equivalent amount. The act further provided for similar grants to those of mixed Indian-white parentage who were already in the territory; and it required settlers who had staked claims previously to refile them. Amendments in 1853 and 1854 cut the residency-cultivation requirement in half and extended the filing date to April 1855


<br>''County level land records.''After federal land was transferred to a settler, subsequent deeds were recorded in county courthouses.<br>
''Federal land records.''<br>The federal Donation Act of 1850 encouraged settlement of Oregon Territory by granting 320 acres to white male citizens, or those who intended to become citizens, who settled on the land prior to 1 December 1850. Wives were eligible for an additional 320 acres. White male citizens who arrived between 1 December 1850 and 1 December 1853 could apply for 160 acres, with wives receiving an equivalent amount. The act further provided for similar grants to those of mixed Indian-white parentage who were already in the territory; and it required settlers who had staked claims previously to refile them. Amendments in 1853 and 1854 cut the residency-cultivation requirement in half and extended the filing date to April 1855


<br>
''County level land records.''After federal land was transferred to a settler, subsequent deeds were recorded in county courthouses.


"Provisional Land Claim Index" in Genealogical Forum of Oregon at http://www.gfo.org/provisional/ (accessed 05 May 2016). <br> "Oregon Donation Land Claim Index" in Genealogical Forum of Oregon at http://www.gfo.org/donation/ (accessed 15 July 2011). Lists surname, given name, volume, office, and claim number.  
"Provisional Land Claim Index" in Genealogical Forum of Oregon at http://www.gfo.org/provisional/ (accessed 05 May 2016). <br> "Oregon Donation Land Claim Index" in Genealogical Forum of Oregon at http://www.gfo.org/donation/ (accessed 15 July 2011). Lists surname, given name, volume, office, and claim number.  
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'''Censuses''' also can be used to identify pioneers who traveled the Oregon Trail:  
'''Censuses''' also can be used to identify pioneers who traveled the Oregon Trail:  
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:Oregon took territorial and state censuses in years between federal censuses. These censuses often have different questions than federal censuses and additional family information. Pioneer censuses included:
:Oregon took territorial and state censuses in years between federal censuses. These censuses often have different questions than federal censuses and additional family information. Pioneer censuses included:


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="right" width="97%"
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="center" width="65%"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#99cc99" align="center" colspan="90" | '''State and Territorial Censuses of Oregon Prior to 1871'''
| bgcolor="#99cc99" align="center" colspan="90" | '''State and Territorial Censuses of Oregon Prior to 1871'''
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*Many of the [[:Category:US Migration Trails and Roads|US Migration Trails and Roads]]  
*Many of the [[:Category:US Migration Trails and Roads|US Migration Trails and Roads]]  
*[[United States Overland Travel 1840 to 1865, Oregon Trail, California Trail (National Institute)]]
*[[United States Overland Travel 1840 to 1865, Oregon Trail, California Trail (National Institute)]]
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== External Links  ==
== External Links  ==
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== References  ==
== References  ==
<div style="padding-left: 10px">
 
{{reflist}}  
{{reflist}}  
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{{Idaho|Idaho}} {{Iowa|Iowa}} {{Kansas|Kansas}} {{Missouri|Missouri}} {{Oregon|Oregon}} {{Nebraska|Nebraska}} {{Washington|Washington}} {{Wyoming|Wyoming}}  
{{Idaho|Idaho}} {{Iowa|Iowa}} {{Kansas|Kansas}} {{Missouri|Missouri}} {{Oregon|Oregon}} {{Nebraska|Nebraska}} {{Washington|Washington}} {{Wyoming|Wyoming}}  
   
   
[[Category:US_Migration_Trails_and_Roads]] [[Category:Iowa_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Nebraska_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Utah_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Wyoming_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Kansas_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Idaho_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Oregon_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Washington_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Missouri_Migration_Routes]]
[[Category:US_Migration_Trails_and_Roads]] [[Category:Iowa_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Nebraska_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Utah_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Wyoming_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Kansas_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Idaho_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Oregon_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Washington_Migration_Routes]] [[Category:Missouri_Migration_Routes]]
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