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*dire economic conditions that destituted families | *dire economic conditions that destituted families | ||
*political | *austere political policies such as the Crown's Penal laws (from 1695-1829) | ||
* | *social and religious persecution towards most nonconformists | ||
*a series of circumstances surrounding devastating crop failures especially in the mid-19th Century. | *a series of circumstances surrounding devastating crop failures especially in the mid-19th Century. | ||
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