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== History == | == History == | ||
==== Brief Timeline ==== | |||
1817 -- First Treaty with the U.S. government | :1789 -- First contact with Europeans | ||
:1817 -- First Treaty with the U.S. government | |||
:1825 -- Second Treaty with the U.S. government | |||
:1858 -- Third Treaty with the U.S. government | |||
:1877 -- Forced Removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of 681 Ponca. | |||
:1878 -- Reservation established on Salt Fork River west of the Arkansas River in Indian Territory | |||
:1878 -- Chief Standing Bear left the reservation in Indian Territory to take his son's body back to the tribe's traditional grounds for burial. His arrest resulted in a famous trial that recognized Indians as "persons." | |||
==== Brief History ==== | |||
The Ponca Tribe signed three treaties with the United States government -- the first in 1817; the second in 1825; and the third in 1858. Each was an attempt to affirm their peaceful intent and to regulate trade in the area in which they lived. | The Ponca Tribe signed three treaties with the United States government -- the first in 1817; the second in 1825; and the third in 1858. Each was an attempt to affirm their peaceful intent and to regulate trade in the area in which they lived. | ||
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In the 1880s, the Ponca split into two -- the Northern Ponca Tribe on the Niobrara River in Nebraska and the Southern Ponca in what is now Oklahoma. | In the 1880s, the Ponca split into two -- the Northern Ponca Tribe on the Niobrara River in Nebraska and the Southern Ponca in what is now Oklahoma. | ||
==== Additional References ==== | |||
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', gave a more complete [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ponca/poncaindianhist.htm history of the Ponca tribe], with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/nebraska/index.htm#Ponca ''The Indian Tribes of North America''] and in David Bushnell's [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/scripts/data/database.cgi?file=Data&report=SingleArticle&ArticleID=0017326 ''Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi'']. | Frederick Webb Hodge, in his ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', gave a more complete [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ponca/poncaindianhist.htm history of the Ponca tribe], with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/nebraska/index.htm#Ponca ''The Indian Tribes of North America''] and in David Bushnell's [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/scripts/data/database.cgi?file=Data&report=SingleArticle&ArticleID=0017326 ''Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi'']. | ||
For additional history of the tribe, [http://www.ponca.com/history/history.html read more....] | For additional history of the tribe, [http://www.ponca.com/history/history.html read more....] | ||
== Tribal Headquarters == | == Tribal Headquarters == | ||