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Emigration records are records of people leaving England. Immigration records are records of people entering England. Passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, records of passports issued, lists of transported prisoners, or registers of assistance to emigrate often contain genealogical information. These records may contain the name, age, occupation, destination, place of origin or birthplace, ship, and date of arrival. Names of fellow passengers may help construct family groups or provide hints on place of origin or destination. | Emigration records are records of people leaving England. Immigration records are records of people entering England. Passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, records of passports issued, lists of transported prisoners, or registers of assistance to emigrate often contain genealogical information. These records may contain the name, age, occupation, destination, place of origin or birthplace, ship, and date of arrival. Names of fellow passengers may help construct family groups or provide hints on place of origin or destination. | ||
Beginning in 1606 people emigrated from England to countries such as the United States, India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. Emigration increased after 1815 when it became a means of poor relief. Emigration also increased during gold rushes in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. Emigration from England peaked in the 1880s. | Beginning in 1606 people emigrated from England to countries such as the United States, India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. Emigration increased after 1815 when it became a means of poor relief. Emigration also increased during gold rushes in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. Emigration from England peaked in the 1880s. | ||
Records were not required for free emigrants to the United States until 1776; Canada before 1865; or Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa until the 20th century. | Records were not required for free emigrants to the United States until 1776; Canada before 1865; or Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa until the 20th century. | ||
People immigrating to England generally came from continental Europe. Movements within the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Ireland, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands) and to England’s colonies required no documents. | People immigrating to England generally came from continental Europe. Movements within the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Ireland, Isle of Man, and Channel Islands) and to England’s colonies required no documents. | ||
To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrant’s previous residence in England. If you know the ship’s name, Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping may provide additional details on the ship itself, including ports of embarkation and arrival. | To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrant’s previous residence in England. If you know the ship’s name, Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping may provide additional details on the ship itself, including ports of embarkation and arrival. | ||
=== Finding the Emigrant’s Place of Origin === | === Finding the Emigrant’s Place of Origin === | ||
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Some of these documents may also be found in libraries. | Some of these documents may also be found in libraries. | ||
For further information about finding the origins of immigrant ancestors, see [[Portal:Tracing Immigrant Origins|Tracing Immigrant Origins]] | For further information about finding the origins of immigrant ancestors, see [[Portal:Tracing Immigrant Origins|Tracing Immigrant Origins]] | ||
=== Emigration from England === | === Emigration from England === | ||
There was no systematic, official method of emigrating from England. The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left England: | There was no systematic, official method of emigrating from England. The following types of emigrants account for most persons who left England: | ||
'''Free emigrants'''. Beginning in 1606 emigrants left England to promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations for merchant ships. Later free emigrants sought opportunities in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in England. | '''Free emigrants'''. Beginning in 1606 emigrants left England to promote trade or set up military outposts and way stations for merchant ships. Later free emigrants sought opportunities in a new land or fled poverty or oppression in England. | ||
'''Assisted emigrants'''. From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief. | '''Assisted emigrants'''. From 1815 to 1900, qualified emigrants received passage money or land grants in the destination country as an alternative to receiving poor relief. | ||
'''Transported prisoners'''. From 1611 to 1870, more than 200,000 criminals were conditionally pardoned, exiled, and transported to penal colonies. Before 1775, more than 50,000 prisoners were sent to America—primarily to Virginia and Maryland. From 1788 to 1869, more than 160,000 prisoners were sent to Australia. | '''Transported prisoners'''. From 1611 to 1870, more than 200,000 criminals were conditionally pardoned, exiled, and transported to penal colonies. Before 1775, more than 50,000 prisoners were sent to America—primarily to Virginia and Maryland. From 1788 to 1869, more than 160,000 prisoners were sent to Australia. | ||
'''Military personnel'''. Upon discharge, soldiers serving overseas were offered land or other inducements to settle in the colony where they were serving. This was common practice in Australia from 1791, Canada from 1815, and New Zealand from 1844. | '''Military personnel'''. Upon discharge, soldiers serving overseas were offered land or other inducements to settle in the colony where they were serving. This was common practice in Australia from 1791, Canada from 1815, and New Zealand from 1844. | ||
'''Latter-day Saints'''. About 1840, converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah. For further information, see the [http://www.familysearchwiki.org/resolveuid/e3fe00d597f6d207a2aa7d5d87ea4e94 Utah Research Outline]. | '''Latter-day Saints'''. About 1840, converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints emigrated to the United States. Most settled in Utah. For further information, see the [http://www.familysearchwiki.org/resolveuid/e3fe00d597f6d207a2aa7d5d87ea4e94 Utah Research Outline]. | ||
=== Records of English Immigrants in Their Destination Countries === | === Records of English Immigrants in Their Destination Countries === | ||
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NEW ZEALAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | NEW ZEALAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
NEW ZEALAND, [PROVINCE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | NEW ZEALAND, [PROVINCE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
=== English Records of Emigration === | === English Records of Emigration === | ||
To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrant’s previous residence in England. If you know the ship’s name, the following work may provide additional details on the ship, including ports of embarkation and arrival: | To search emigration records effectively, you should know the approximate date of emigration, the name of the ship, the type of or reason for emigration, or the emigrant’s previous residence in England. If you know the ship’s name, the following work may provide additional details on the ship, including ports of embarkation and arrival: | ||
''Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping''. Fiche edition. LaCrosse, Wisconsin: Brookhaven Press, 1981. (FHL fiche 6024581–6025295; does not circulate to Family History Centers.) | ''Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping''. Fiche edition. LaCrosse, Wisconsin: Brookhaven Press, 1981. (FHL fiche 6024581–6025295; does not circulate to Family History Centers.) | ||
'''Passenger Lists'''. Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. Passenger departure lists are rare before 1890. After 1890 they are arranged chronologically by port of departure. These lists usually give the emigrant’s name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination and are kept at The National Archives in London. An index to the records, 1890-1960, is now online on [http://www.findmypast.com/passengerListPersonSearchStart.action?redef=0 FindMyPast]. The search is free, but a small fee is charged to see a transcription or the digital image of the original record.<br> | '''Passenger Lists'''. Port records listing the names of departing or arriving passengers are called passenger lists. Passenger departure lists are rare before 1890. After 1890 they are arranged chronologically by port of departure. These lists usually give the emigrant’s name, age, occupation, address, and sometimes destination and are kept at The National Archives in London. An index to the records, 1890-1960, is now online on [http://www.findmypast.com/passengerListPersonSearchStart.action?redef=0 FindMyPast]. The search is free, but a small fee is charged to see a transcription or the digital image of the original record.<br> | ||
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Passport Applications: Passports were not mandatory for British travelers until 1914, but some passports or certificates were issued before that year. An index to the names of [http://www.findmypast.com/resources/passportapplications/about.jsp passport applicants] for some earlier years is online. <br> | Passport Applications: Passports were not mandatory for British travelers until 1914, but some passports or certificates were issued before that year. An index to the names of [http://www.findmypast.com/resources/passportapplications/about.jsp passport applicants] for some earlier years is online. <br> | ||
'''United Kingdom War Brides Passenger Lists, 1946-1947.''' | '''United Kingdom War Brides Passenger Lists, 1946-1947.''' | ||
Thousands of women married soldiers during World War II. When husbands returned to their own countries, many wives were left behind to wait to join them. An Internet index gives you a surname, first name and destination of [http://www.warbrides.co.uk/ war brides]: <br> | Thousands of women married soldiers during World War II. When husbands returned to their own countries, many wives were left behind to wait to join them. An Internet index gives you a surname, first name and destination of [http://www.warbrides.co.uk/ war brides]: <br> | ||
'''To Use This Site:''' | '''To Use This Site:''' | ||
# Click '''Search Indexes'''on the left side of the screen. | #Click '''Search Indexes'''on the left side of the screen. | ||
# Click '''I’m ready to search now'''. | #Click '''I’m ready to search now'''. | ||
# Type the forename (given name) and surname | #Type the forename (given name) and surname | ||
# Click '''Submit''' | #Click '''Submit''' | ||
The index is continuously updated, adding more years and names. It's free to search. A fee is charged for a typewritten extract from the passenger list.<br> | The index is continuously updated, adding more years and names. It's free to search. A fee is charged for a typewritten extract from the passenger list.<br> | ||
'''Assisted Emigrants Registers'''. Persons who applied for assistance to emigrate were recorded in "assisted emigrants registers," which often contain name, age, occupation, residence, destination, name of sponsor, address of relative, and size of family. Those available at the Family History Library appear in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under: | '''Assisted Emigrants Registers'''. Persons who applied for assistance to emigrate were recorded in "assisted emigrants registers," which often contain name, age, occupation, residence, destination, name of sponsor, address of relative, and size of family. Those available at the Family History Library appear in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under: | ||
[DESTINATION COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | [DESTINATION COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | GREAT BRITAIN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
'''Probate Records'''. Probate records may mention emigrant relatives. Probates of persons dying overseas who owned property in England should have been proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (until 1858) or at the Principal Probate Registry (after 1857). | '''Probate Records'''. Probate records may mention emigrant relatives. Probates of persons dying overseas who owned property in England should have been proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (until 1858) or at the Principal Probate Registry (after 1857). | ||
The following work lists some American wills proved in England: | The following work lists some American wills proved in England: | ||
Coldham, Peter W. ''American Wills and Administrations in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1610–1857''. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1989. (FHL book 942 P27c.) | Coldham, Peter W. ''American Wills and Administrations in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1610–1857''. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1989. (FHL book 942 P27c.) | ||
For more information see the "[[England Probate Records|Probate Records]]" section of this outline. | For more information see the "[[England Probate Records|Probate Records]]" section of this outline. | ||
'''Other Records'''. The Public Record Office has many other records that refer to emigrants. Of particular importance are the "poor law union" papers, which among many other things include some records of poor- relief emigration from 1834 to 1900. These records are at the Public Record Office, class MH 12. For information on other emigration records at the Public Record Office, use the Kew Lists. (See the "[[England Archives and Libraries|Archives and Libraries]]" section of this outline under the subheading "Public Record Office"). | '''Other Records'''. The Public Record Office has many other records that refer to emigrants. Of particular importance are the "poor law union" papers, which among many other things include some records of poor- relief emigration from 1834 to 1900. These records are at the Public Record Office, class MH 12. For information on other emigration records at the Public Record Office, use the Kew Lists. (See the "[[England Archives and Libraries|Archives and Libraries]]" section of this outline under the subheading "Public Record Office"). | ||
There are other lists of emigrants by authors such as Peter W. Coldham, Michael Tepper, and P. William Filby. <!--{12081841972180} --> | There are other lists of emigrants by authors such as Peter W. Coldham, Michael Tepper, and P. William Filby. <!--{12081841972180} --><!--{12081841972181} --> | ||
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=== Immigration to England === | === Immigration to England === | ||
People immigrating to England came primarily from continental Europe. Specific immigrant groups include refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution) or from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews). | People immigrating to England came primarily from continental Europe. Specific immigrant groups include refugees from wars (such as the French Revolution) or from religious persecution (such as Huguenots and Jews). | ||
No regular series of arrival records exists before 1836. The few that exist are not indexed. If your ancestor immigrated to England before 1836, search naturalization and denization records. (See the "[[England Naturalization and Citizenship|Naturalization and Citizenship]]" section of this outline.) | No regular series of arrival records exists before 1836. The few that exist are not indexed. If your ancestor immigrated to England before 1836, search naturalization and denization records. (See the "[[England Naturalization and Citizenship|Naturalization and Citizenship]]" section of this outline.) | ||
Beginning in 1836 certificates exist for aliens. These are arranged by port, and give the individual’s name, nationality, profession, date arrived, country last visited, and signature. | Beginning in 1836 certificates exist for aliens. These are arranged by port, and give the individual’s name, nationality, profession, date arrived, country last visited, and signature. | ||
Starting in 1878 there are lists of incoming passengers which give the passenger’s name, birthplace, last residence, and sometimes an address of a relative in the country of origin. However, passengers from Europe or the Mediterranean did not have to be listed. All of these immigration records are at the National Archives in London. | Starting in 1878 there are lists of incoming passengers which give the passenger’s name, birthplace, last residence, and sometimes an address of a relative in the country of origin. However, passengers from Europe or the Mediterranean did not have to be listed. All of these immigration records are at the National Archives in London. | ||
Immigration records at the Family History Library are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under: | Immigration records at the Family History Library are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under: | ||
ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ENGLAND - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION | ||
Because few English immigration sources exist, you may need to search the emigration records of the country your ancestor moved from. | Because few English immigration sources exist, you may need to search the emigration records of the country your ancestor moved from. | ||
=== Web Sites === | === Web Sites === | ||
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ <!--{12058780777651} --> | http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ <!--{12058780777651} --> | ||
Outward Passenger Lists from Britain On-line. [http://www.ancestorsonboard.com/ www.ancestorsonboard.com/] $ | Outward Passenger Lists from Britain On-line. [http://www.ancestorsonboard.com/ www.ancestorsonboard.com/] $ | ||
[[Category:England|Emigration and Immigration]] | [[Category:England|Emigration and Immigration]] [[Category:Huguenots]] [[Category:English]] | ||
[[Category:Huguenots]] | |||