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*Headstones are often inscribed with both the original Jewish names and the names used in the United States.  
*Headstones are often inscribed with both the original Jewish names and the names used in the United States.  
*Given Name Changes
**Explore the JewishGen.org given names databases by clicking [http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/GivenNames/ here].
**Ancestry.com also has an excellent database for Jewish given names. Read also the ''Jewish Given Name Variations'' article on lower part of the search page.
***With an Ancestry.com membership, click [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1528 here].
***From the Family History Library, a Family History Center, or other participating institution, click [http://search.ancestryintitution.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1528 here].
*Multiple given and surname spelling changes are possible during an individual's lifetime.  
*Multiple given and surname spelling changes are possible during an individual's lifetime.  
*When searching for a family in a census or on a passenger list, look for the family overall (birth order of boys and girls, relative ages, occupation) as much as the actual recorded names.  
*When searching for a family in a census or on a passenger list, look for the family overall (birth order of boys and girls, relative ages, occupation) as much as the actual recorded names.
*Surname Changes  
 
**To understand the scope of the surname challenge, read the Wikipedia.org article ''Cohen (and its variations) as a surname'' by clicking [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen#Cohen_.28and_its_variations.29_as_a_surname here].  
==== Given Name Changes  ====
**Immigrants from foreign countries were often faced with the following choices:  
 
***Change European special characters (diacritics) and letter combinations to approximate English equivalents [e.g., Weiß to Weiss].  
*Explore the JewishGen.org given names databases by clicking [http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/GivenNames/ here].
***Retain the original spelling, but have the name mispronounced.  
*Ancestry.com also has an excellent database for Jewish given names. Read also the ''Jewish Given Name Variations'' article on lower part of the search page.
***Change the spelling to retain the pronunciation.  
**With an Ancestry.com membership, click [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1528 here].  
***Translate the last name to English [e.g., Weiß to White, Zimmermann to Carpenter, Schwartz to Black].  
**From the Family History Library, a Family History Center, or other participating institution, click [http://search.ancestryintitution.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1528 here].
***Change the name to make it less foreign-sounding [e.g. Meier to Myer, Leo Kochanski to Hans Leon].  
 
**To find possible alternative spellings, try searching the JewishGen.org Family Finder database by clicking [http://www.jewishgen.org/jgff/ here]. Use the spellings you already have with the "sounds like" or "starts with" options. This may yield suggestions for alternate spellings.  
==== Surname Changes ====
**Find additional information in these books available at the reference desk in the Family History Library:  
 
***''A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames'' by Lars Menk.  
*To understand the scope of the surname challenge, read the Wikipedia.org article ''Cohen (and its variations) as a surname'' by clicking [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen#Cohen_.28and_its_variations.29_as_a_surname here].  
***''A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Kingdom of Poland'', by Alexander Beider.  
*Immigrants from foreign countries were often faced with the following choices:  
***''A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire'', by Alexander Beider.  
**Change European special characters (diacritics) and letter combinations to approximate English equivalents [e.g., Weiß to Weiss].  
***''Finding Our Fathers, A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy'', by Dan Rottenberg, Section: Alphabetical List of Family Names, starting on page 149.
**Retain the original spelling, but have the name mispronounced.  
**Change the spelling to retain the pronunciation.  
**Translate the last name to English [e.g., Weiß to White, Zimmermann to Carpenter, Schwartz to Black].  
**Change the name to make it less foreign-sounding [e.g. Meier to Myer, Leo Kochanski to Hans Leon].  
*To find possible alternative spellings, try searching the JewishGen.org Family Finder database by clicking [http://www.jewishgen.org/jgff/ here]. Use the spellings you already have with the "sounds like" or "starts with" options. This may yield suggestions for alternate spellings.  
*Find additional information in these books available at the reference desk in the Family History Library:  
**''A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames'' by Lars Menk.  
**''A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Kingdom of Poland'', by Alexander Beider.  
**''A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire'', by Alexander Beider.  
**''Finding Our Fathers, A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy'', by Dan Rottenberg, Section: Alphabetical List of Family Names, starting on page 149.
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