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== Introduction == | |||
Effective family research requires understanding the historic events that affected your family and the records about them. Learning about wars, local events, laws, migrations, settlement patterns, and economic or religious trends may help you understand family movements. These events may have led to the creation of records, such as poor law records or military records, that mention your family. | Effective family research requires understanding the historic events that affected your family and the records about them. Learning about wars, local events, laws, migrations, settlement patterns, and economic or religious trends may help you understand family movements. These events may have led to the creation of records, such as poor law records or military records, that mention your family. | ||
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Your ancestors will be more interesting if you learn about the events that shaped their lives. For example, a history may tell you what events occurred in the year your ancestor married and how those events may have impacted their decisions. | Your ancestors will be more interesting if you learn about the events that shaped their lives. For example, a history may tell you what events occurred in the year your ancestor married and how those events may have impacted their decisions. | ||
=== | == Online Records == | ||
To learn more about the history of Scotland, visit these website: | |||
*[http://www.nas.gov.uk/ The National Archives of Scotland] | |||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/catalog-search FamilySearch Catalog] | |||
*[http://www.ambaile.org.uk/ Am Baile Highland History and Culture] | |||
*[https://www.tota.world/culture/scottish/#overview Scottish Culture] - TOTA, gives general information about Scottish Culture | |||
*[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-records/united-kingdom-commemorative-plaques United Kingdom, Commemorative Plaques] at Findmypast — index & images ($) | |||
== Historical Timeline == | |||
Some key dates and events in Scottish history are: | Some key dates and events in Scottish history are: | ||
'''83''' or '''84''' Battle of Mons Graupius Romans reportedly defeat the Caledonians although there is some debate about the actual outcome of the battle. | '''4th Century BC''' Pytheas, a Greek traveller provides the earliest known description of what later became Scotland. | ||
'''83''' or '''84''' AD Battle of Mons Graupius: Romans reportedly defeat the Caledonians although there is some debate about the actual outcome of the battle. | |||
'''2nd Century''' Hadrian's Wall, dividing Roman occupied Britain from Caledonia. It is frequently attacked by Scots and Picts. | |||
'''5th Century''' First recorded Christian missions to what is now southern Scotland by St Ninian and others. Establishment of the Kingdom of Strathclyde. | |||
'''6th Century''' Kingdom of Dalriada established by Fergus Mor Mac Eirc from Ulster in Ireland. This is the first Gaelic kingdom. Evangelisation of the northern Picts by St Columba (Calum Cille) | |||
'''685''' Battle of Dunnichen Picts defeat Northumbrians at Dunnichen in Angus | '''685''' Battle of Dunnichen Picts defeat Northumbrians at Dunnichen in Angus | ||
'''843''' Kenneth MacAlpin becomes king of the Picts and Scots. This marks the first | '''8th Century''' Norse raids begin, followed by later settlement. | ||
'''843''' Kenneth MacAlpin becomes king of the Picts and Scots. This marks the first combined kingdom in Scotland. | |||
'''c. 1018''' Battle of Carham between Scots and Northumbrians. Scottish victory results in River Tweed being set as southern border, with the Lothians and Borders coming under their control. | |||
'''1030''' Kingdom of Strathclyde annexed by Scotland. | |||
'''1174''' William the Lion surrenders the independence of Scotland to Henry II in the Treaty of Falaise. | '''1174''' William the Lion surrenders the independence of Scotland to Henry II in the Treaty of Falaise. | ||
'''1306''' Robert Bruce assumes leadership of a rebellion against English | '''1263''' Battle of Largs effectively ends Norwegian control over much of Scotland. | ||
'''1266''' Treaty of Perth transfers the Hebrides from Norway to Scotland. | |||
'''1286''' Death of Alexander III leads to succession crisis, and increased English involvement in Scottish affairs. | |||
'''1295''' Scotland and France sign the Auld Alliance to support each other if the other is attacked. It is maintained for centuries. | |||
'''1306''' Robert Bruce assumes leadership of a rebellion against English occupation. | |||
'''1314''' Robert Bruce defeats the English in Battle of Bannockburn, maintaining Scottish independence. | '''1314''' Robert Bruce defeats the English in Battle of Bannockburn, maintaining Scottish independence. | ||
'''1320''' Declaration of Arbroath | |||
'''1325''' The English recognise Robert Bruce as King Robert of Scots | '''1325''' The English recognise Robert Bruce as King Robert of Scots | ||
'''1472''' Orkney and Shetland are annexed from Norway. | |||
'''1513''' Battle of Flodden between Scotland and England is a disastrous defeat for Scotland. It is the largest army that Scotland has ever assembled. Among the dead is King James IV, one of Scotland's most notable kings, and apparently the last able to speak Gaelic. | |||
'''1514''' The recording of testaments (wills) begins in Scotland. | '''1514''' The recording of testaments (wills) begins in Scotland. | ||
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'''1552''' The General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage. | '''1552''' The General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage. | ||
'''1560''' Protestantism is established. The authority of the pope is abolished, and celebrating mass becomes illegal. | '''1560''' Protestantism is legally established. The authority of the pope is abolished, and celebrating mass becomes illegal. | ||
'''1592''' The Presbyterian Church is formally established. | '''1592''' The Presbyterian Church is formally established. | ||
'''1600''' Scotland adopts January 1 as New Year's Day even though they did not officially adopt the Gregorian Calendar until 1752.<ref name="Spathaky">[http://www.cree. | '''1600''' Scotland adopts January 1 as New Year's Day even though they did not officially adopt the Gregorian Calendar until 1752.<ref name="Spathaky">[http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm ''Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists''], Mike Spathaky</ref> | ||
'''1603''' The crowns of England and Scotland unite. | '''1603''' The crowns of England and Scotland unite. | ||
'''1608''' The Plantation of Ulster in Ireland is established to prevent Irish revolts against English rule. By 1640 there were 40,000 Scots in | '''1608''' The Plantation of Ulster in Ireland is established to prevent Irish revolts against English rule. A number of Scots and English are recruited, especially those from By 1640 there were 40,000 Scots in Ulster. | ||
'''1690''' The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland. | '''1690''' The Presbyterian Church is permanently restored and becomes the Church of Scotland. | ||
'''1707''' The | '''1698''' Botched attempt to set up colony in Darien in the Isthmus of Panama. | ||
'''1707''' The Treaty of Union are between Scotland and England, creating Great Britain. This abolishes the Scots Parliament and joins the two into a single state. | |||
'''1715''' Thousands of Scots support James Edward Stuart, called "Old Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the first Jacobite rising. | '''1715''' Thousands of Scots support James Edward Stuart, called "Old Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the first Jacobite rising. | ||
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'''1745''' Many Scots support James’ son Charles Edward Stuart, also called Bonnie Prince Charlie and the "Young Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the second Jacobite rising. | '''1745''' Many Scots support James’ son Charles Edward Stuart, also called Bonnie Prince Charlie and the "Young Pretender," as the king of Great Britain. This is called the second Jacobite rising. | ||
'''1746''' The | '''1746''' The Government forces defeat the forces of Charles Edward Stuart in the Battle of Culloden. After this battle, the English executed many clansmen and outlawed kilts,tartan,bagpipes and carrying of weapons. These restrictions were removed in 1782. | ||
'''1752''' Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar even though the change making January 1, the first day of the new year happened in 1600.<ref | '''1752''' Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar even though the change making January 1, the first day of the new year happened in 1600.<ref name="Spathaky" /> | ||
'''1779''' The Industrial Revolution begins to affect Scotland. | '''1779''' The Industrial Revolution begins to affect Scotland. | ||
'''1820''' Battle of Bonnymuir, the last land battle in Scotland. | |||
'''1829''' Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records. | '''1829''' Roman Catholics are permitted by law to buy and inherit property and keep records. | ||
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'''1855''' Civil registration begins. | '''1855''' Civil registration begins. | ||
'''1914-1918''' First World War | |||
'''1939-1945''' Second World War | |||
'''1973''' Scotland enters the EEC (later EU) as part of the United Kingdom | |||
'''1979''' First Scottish devolution referendum defeated on legal technicality. | |||
'''1997''' Second Scottish devolution referendum. | |||
'''1999''' Establishment of Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government | |||
'''2014''' Scottish independence referendum. | |||
For dates and information concerning battles and wars, see [[Scotland Military Records]]. For key dates and information concerning church records, see [[Scotland Church History]]. | |||
== Accessing Histories == | |||
The | === Books === | ||
The following books are a few of the available sources to help provide you with a perspective of the historical events. Major research libraries may have these books: | |||
*Cook, Chris, et. al. ''British Historical Facts''. London, England: Macmillan Press, 1975-. (FamilySearch Library book {{FSC|942 H2ccb|disp=942 H2ccb}}.) This source lists key dates, offices, and office holders in Scottish and English history. | |||
*Moody, David. ''Scottish Towns: A Guide for Local Historians.'' London, England: B. T. Batsford, 1992. (FamilySearch Library book {{FSC|941 H27m|disp=941 H27m}}.) This source describes the background and structure of Scottish towns, and discusses sources for researchers. | |||
*Sinclair, Cecil. ''Tracing Scottish Local History: A Guide to Local History Research in the Scottish Record Office''. Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Record Office, 1994. (FS Library book {{FSC|941 H27s|disp=941 H27s}}) This book describes local historical records available in the Scottish Record Office. | |||
*Smout, T.C. ''A History of the Scottish People 1560- 1830''. London, England: Collins, 1969. (FS Library book {{FSC|941 H2sm|disp=941 H2sm}}) | |||
*Smout, T.C. ''A Century of the Scottish People 1830- 1950''. London, England: Collins, 1986. (FS Library book {{FSC|941 H2sma|disp=941 H2sma}}) | |||
*Smout, T.C., and Wood, Sydney. ''Scottish Voices 1745-1960.'' London, England: Fontana Press, 1990. (FS Library book {{FSC|941 H2stc|disp=941 H2stc}}) | |||
*Steel, Tom. ''Scotland’s Story: A New Perspective''. London, England: Collins, 1984. (FS Library book {{FSC|941 H2ste|disp=941 H2ste}}) This book gives a good general overview of Scottish history. | |||
=== FamilySearch Catalog === | |||
The FamilySearch Library has many national, county, and parish histories for Scotland. There are also many other histories for specific time periods, groups, occupations, or places. You can find histories in the catalog under one of the following headings in the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog-search FamilySearch Catalog]: | |||
SCOTLAND - HISTORY | SCOTLAND - HISTORY | ||
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SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY | SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY | ||
Many bibliographies of history are also available. Look in the Locality Search of the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog-search | Many bibliographies of history are also available. Look in the Locality Search of the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog-search FamilySearch Catalog] under SCOTLAND - HISTORY - BIBLIOGRAPHY to find the ones available at the FamilySearch Library. | ||
=== Local Histories === | === Local Histories === | ||
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A local history describes the following information about an area: | A local history describes the following information about an area: | ||
* | *economy | ||
* | *prominent families | ||
* | *founding of churches, hospitals, schools, and businesses | ||
Even if a local history does not mention your ancestor, you may find important clues that suggest other records to search. Local histories also provide background information about your family’s lifestyle, community, and environment. | Even if a local history does not mention your ancestor, you may find important clues that suggest other records to search. Local histories also provide background information about your family’s lifestyle, community, and environment. | ||
Many places have more than one history. There are numerous published histories about Scottish parishes and towns. Many are available at the | Many places have more than one history. There are numerous published histories about Scottish parishes and towns. Many are available at the FamilySearch Library. Similar histories are often available at major public and university libraries and archives. | ||
The following works include histories for each individual parish. The histories were written in the 1790s and early 1800s, usually by the minister of the parish: | |||
*[http://edina.ac.uk/stat-acc-scot/ The Statistical Accounts of Scotland, 1791-1845] at Edina, University of Edinburgh. General information and background. | |||
*''The Statistical Account of Scotland, 1791-1799.'' Ed. by John Sinclair. Wakerfield, England: EP Publishing Limited, [197?]. {{FSC|941 B4sa|disp=FamilySearch Library books 941 B4sa}}; {{FSC|6026527|film|disp=FamilySearch Library films, 6026527-6026545}}(*) - images. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.electricscotland.com/history/statistical/oldndx.htm Electric Scotland]. | |||
*''The New Statistical Account of Scotland, 1834-1845.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: William Blackwood and Sons, 1845. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSC|202128|item|disp=FamilySearch Digital Library, Vols. 1-15}}. | |||
*Mather, Alexander S., ed. ''The Third Statistical Account of Scotland.'' Glasgow, Scotland: Collins of Glasgow, 1987. {{FSC|941 B4sa|disp=FamilySearch Library books 941 B4sa}} - 3rd Series | |||
<br> | |||
You can find local histories listed in the | You can find local histories listed in the Place Search of the [https://www.familysearch.org/catalog-search FamilySearch Catalog] under SCOTLAND, [COUNTY], [PARISH] - HISTORY. | ||
== Calendar Changes == | |||
In 1600 Scotland adopted January 1 as New Years Day, however the Gregorian calendar was not used until 1752<ref name="1750Act">[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1516754 Calendar (New Style) Act 1750], United Kingdom Parliament</ref>. The Julian calendar began the calendar year on 25 March and ended the year on 24 March. The Gregorian calendar started the year on 1 January and ended the year on 31 December. Thus, before 1600, January, February, and the first twenty-four days of March came at the end of the previous year instead of at the beginning of the next year. <ref name="Spathaky" /> | In 1600 Scotland adopted January 1 as New Years Day, however the Gregorian calendar was not used until 1752<ref name="1750Act">[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1516754 Calendar (New Style) Act 1750], United Kingdom Parliament</ref>. The Julian calendar began the calendar year on 25 March and ended the year on 24 March. The Gregorian calendar started the year on 1 January and ended the year on 31 December. Thus, before 1600, January, February, and the first twenty-four days of March came at the end of the previous year instead of at the beginning of the next year. <ref name="Spathaky" /> | ||
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The year 1599 consisted only of nine months: January, February, and March (1-24) 1599 became January, February and March (1-24) 1600. | The year 1599 consisted only of nine months: January, February, and March (1-24) 1599 became January, February and March (1-24) 1600. | ||
When Catholic Europe adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, ten days were dropped from the month of October. | When Catholic Europe adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, ten days were dropped from the month of October. Although Scotland adopted January 1 as New Years Day it did not adopt the Gregorian calendar so it remained 10 days out of sync with much of Europe, as evidenced by legal records. By the time Scotland and the rest of Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, a total of eleven days had to be dropped.<ref>http://www.scan.org.uk/knowledgebase/topics/daysanddates_topic.htm</ref> | ||
{{further|Julian and Gregorian Calendars}} | {{further|Julian and Gregorian Calendars}} | ||
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{{Place|Scotland}} | {{Place|Scotland}} | ||
[[Category:Scotland | [[Category:Scotland]] [[Category:Scots-Irish]] [[Category:Histories]] | ||
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