Apprenticeship in London and Borough Towns: Difference between revisions

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 In London, where apprenticeship is concerned, things are seldom what they seem. You may find your ancestor calling himself "Citizen and Pavior" and think that he paved roads. You may turn to ''London Apprentices: Paviors' Company'' and find his apprenticeship, and think that he was indeed in that trade. You would probably be wrong, however, on both counts.
 In London, in the majority of companies, the company name had very little if anything to do with the many different trades that its members followed. A Citizen and Pavior could just as well be a baker and, in that case, his apprenticeship, although recorded by the Paviors' Company, would be to learn the art if baking. The indenture itself (if it survives) would say, for instance, that the boy "doth put himself Apprentice to John Bloggs, Citizen and Pavior, of London, by Trade a Baker, and living in Saint Mary Axe, To learn his Art", i.e. the trade of baking.
 '''Guilds and Companies'''. The old craft and trade guilds in the city originated from groups organised&nbsp;for religious and social purposes which, in the Middle Ages, "adopted" a number of key trades and eventually came to monopolise and regulate them. Nearly all the older guilds obtained royal charters granting incorporation, allowing them to have a common hall and to own land. Their ordinances or by-laws were recognised by the city authorities and allowed them to regulate apprenticeships, prices and wages, to set standards for products and to enforce those standards by carrying out searches for inferior goods, to settle disputes among their members and to maintain a trade monopoly.
 However, with economic and social changes between the 16th and 18th centuries the majority of guilds or companies lost the links with the trades from which they took their names. However, the Watermen and Lightermen still control the apprenticeship of those working on t<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1229684108580_943"></span>he River Thames and, in more recent years, many companies have attempted to re-connect themselves with their original trades. They have retained an importance in the city because of their involvement in its government and their charitable work. The last "ancient" company was formed in 1709 but at least a&nbsp;further 25 have been founded since 1940. Many smaller ones disappeared or were amalgamated with others over the years.
 '''Freedom of the Company'''. Full membership or "freedom" of a company could be obtained at any age in one of three ways:
 . by "servitude" on the completion of a term of apprenticeship to a person who was already a freeman,
 . by "patrimony" or right of birth (open to any legitimate child born after its father's or, since 1976, its mother's admission to freedom),
 . or by "redemption" or purchase, i.e. on the payment of a fee.
 '''Freedom of the City'''. In the early 14th century the acceptance of the companies into the administrative system of the city gave their freemen the right to obtain (on payment of fees) the Freedom of the City. It was this Freedom of the City as opposed to that merely of the company, that gave (in the words of Christopher Cooper writing in ''Archives'', vol. 16 (1984) 323-53), "the exclusive right to trade by wholesale and retail within the city, immunity from tolls at markets and fairs throughout England, freedom from impressment into the armed forces, and the right to elect the city's aldermen and common councilmen". Since 1835 it has been possible to be free of the city (by redemption) without being free of any company, though some may join a company afterwards.
 '''The Livery'''. By ancient right, often confirmed by charter, a limited number of the senior members of the main companies, may wear a distinctive dress or livery. That number has been fixed by the Court of Aldermen since 1712. The liverymen of these "Livery Companies" elected the lord mayor, sheriffs and some other city officers, and, from 1725 until the reforms of 1832, they also elected a member to represent the city in Parliament. This division of company members into freemen (sometimes called yeomen or bachelors) and liverymen exists only in London. Today there are altogether about 22,500 liverymen entitled to vote at elections.
+'''Weakening of orginal system'''. In theory no one cork in the city unless they were a membe<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1229685323970_879"></span>r of one of the companies, but the rule came to be ignored in the 18th century and disappeared in the early 19th century, though it was not abolished until 1856. Even in the 16th and 17th centuries only about 75 per cent of adult male householders in the city were actually company freemen.
+It is important to note that from early times the customs of the city allowed any freeman of a trading company to practise the trade of any other company, and that by means of patrimony and redemption anyone could join a company without having learned its trade or craft. A butcher, for instance, could be admitted to the Wheelwrights' Company by patrimony because his father had been a member there. He woud then call himseld "Citizen and Wheelwright". His father may have purchased his freedom in that company, not because of its relevance for his trade, but because it was relatively cheap, there being considerable variation in the fees of the different companies. Since the late 18th century some freemen have, in fact, been members of several different companies.
+This weakening became more noticceable in Elizabethan times and by 1624, for example, only five per cent of the members of the Drapers' Company were actually drapers. By the end of the 18th century the system had completely broked down. The Paviors' Company apprenticeship records, for instance, which often include the actual trades of the masters, show that in 1800 Isaac Farlow, in reality a lighterman, took as an apprentice the son of a waterman; in 1794 William Beswick, a grocer, took the son of a mariner; and in 1791 Thomas Tyle, who ran a child-bed linen warehouse, took the daughter of a Welsh rector as an apprentice. None of these people had any connection with paving roads.
+'''Company Jurisdictions'''. About two-thirds of the companies had areas of authority outside the city's square mile, mostly varying from two to ten miles in radius. However, the Tylers' and Bricklayers' Company had a 15 mile radius, the Fanmakers' 20 miles, the Horners' 24 miles, and the Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers' 30 miles. The Watermen and Lightermen had authority over both banks of the Thames from Windsor to Gravesend, the Vintners' Company had supervisory rights over vintners in cities, borough and towns throughout England. The Tobacco Pipe Makers and Framework Knitters had authority throughout England and Wales. The latter, by charter of 1663, was meeting at Nottingham from at least 1727, though, sadly, few records have survived.
+Some companies, indeed, had a national role: the Goldsmiths (in assaying and marking gold and silver wares), the Stationers (in the registration of printed books from 1554 to 1911), the Gunmakers (in proof of small arms since 1617), the Barber Surgeons (in examining surgeons in the Royal Navy from 1606 to 1745) and the Society of Apothecaries (through its Licenciateship after 1815). In very recent years national roles have also been given to the farriers, plumbers and spectacle makers to examine and register practitioners in some aspects of their crafts.
+'''Residence and&nbsp;variety of Freemen'''. In the Armourers and Brasiers' Company in 1535, 10 of its 47 members lived outside the city. In the Coopers' Company in 1700, 69 of the 154 admitted to freedom lived outside the city. Many lived in the East and West ends and south of the Thames and, from the late 18th century, in the Home Counties and further afield. Of course, some smaller traders, who were not freemen, lived outside the city because they did not wish to incur the expense of becoming freemen and paying annual fees.
 to be continued