Hiring a DNA Testing Company: Difference between revisions

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 == Y-DNA Testing  ==
-Information stored in the Y chromosome (Ycs) passes virtually unchanged from father-to-son for centuries. Analysis of this genetic information, found in living people, can help you determine whether you share a common paternal ancestor with another person alive today. Based on the number of genetic markers shared on the Ycs with another person, you can also estimate how many generation in the past your common paternal ancestor lived. This is called Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) and it is based on a mutation rate calculated on many thousands of father/son pairs. Ycs testing can help in verifying a common paternal ancestor, or learn about the origin of a particular surname. Additionally, each Ycs can be predicted into a specific branch of the large Ycs tree based on the set of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) tested by many companies and using an [http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/ online predictor], or it can be accurately assigned to one of these branches through the test of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)&nbsp;(see the Ycs&nbsp;[http://isogg.org/tree/index.html ISOGG]&nbsp;tree).
+Information stored in the Y chromosome (Ycs) passes virtually unchanged from father-to-son for centuries. Analysis of this genetic information, found in living people, can help you determine whether you share a common paternal ancestor with another person alive today. Based on the number of genetic markers shared on the Ycs with another person, you can also estimate how many generations in the past your common paternal ancestor lived. This is called Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) and it is based on a mutation rate calculated on many thousands of father/son pairs. Ycs testing can help in verifying a common paternal ancestor, or learn about the origin of a particular surname. Additionally, each Ycs can be predicted into a specific branch of the large Ycs tree based on the set of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) tested by many companies and using an [http://www.hprg.com/hapest5/ online predictor], or it can be accurately assigned to one of these branches through the test of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)&nbsp;(see the Ycs&nbsp;[http://isogg.org/tree/index.html ISOGG]&nbsp;tree).
 Note: Only males carry the Ycs, but a woman can have a male relative tested in her stead to obtain such information.
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 MtDNA testing can be done for a small section of the genome called the control region (which usually include the segments HVR1, 2 and/or 3), or for the full molecule (16569 bases). [http://www.familytreedna.com/mt-dna-compare.aspx Family Tree DNA] is currently the only commercial laboratory offering the complete mtDNA sequence to its customers.
 Note: Although mtDNA is inherited exclusively along the maternal side, both males and females carry it. Only females will pass it on to their children. ISOGG has a useful diagram which shows the [http://www.isogg.org/mtdnapath.htm path of mtDNA transmission].
 == Autosomal DNA Testing  ==
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 *[https://www.23andme.com/ 23andMe]: Autosomal DNA test only (Relative Finder), with Ycs and mtDNA haplogroup assignment and information about diseases and traits.
 *[http://dna.ancestry.com/welcome.aspx Ancestry DNA]: Ycs and mtDNA profiles sold separately. Plus a new autosomal DNA test which is currently only available in the US.
 *[http://dnaconsultants.com/ DNA Consulting<br>]
 *[http://www.familytreedna.com/faq/ Family Tree DNA]: A large variety of DNA tests available, including the largest set of Ycs STRs (111) and the only complete mtDNA sequence. Their autosomal test is called Family Finder.
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 *[http://www.genebase.com/ GeneBase]
 *[http://www.mitosearch.org/ Mitosearch:] mtDNA data only.
 *[http://www.mtdnacommunity.org mtDNACommunity]; a database for full mitochodnrial sequence results&nbsp;
 *[http://www.smgf.org/ Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation] (formerly sponsored by Brigham Young University). SMGF has been recently acquired by [http://www.ancestry.com/ Ancestry]. The website offers a large Ycs and mtDNA databases correlated to known pedigree data.
 *[http://www.gedmatch.com/ Gedmatch]: autosomal raw data only
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 == DNA Projects  ==
 Thousands of DNA Projects, usually focused on a particular surname, location, or ethnicity, are active around the world. To determine if a DNA project is underway for your ancestor's surname, start with [http://www.worldfamilies.net/ World Families Network]. A listing of geographical projects can be found in the [http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Geographical_DNA_projects ISOGG Wiki].
 Other DNA projects can be found on the Internet by using a search engine, such as Google, with the words "Genealogy DNA". Contact each organization for additional information.
 Examples of individual projects include:
 *[http://groups.ancestry.com/group/35403972 Britton International DNA&nbsp;Project at Ancestry]
 *[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/britton/ Britton International DNA Project] - main website
 *[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/CruwysDNA Cruse/Cruwys DNA Project]
 *[http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2012/05/mixed-roots-foundation-announces-first-ever-global-adoptee-genealogy-project-gagp.html Global Adoptee Genealogy Project]
 *[http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/harrison Harrison DNA&nbsp;Project]
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 == DNA in the news  ==
 *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-dna-bones-king Richard III: DNA confirms twisted bones belong to King] by Maev Kennedy (''The Guardian'', 4 February 2013).
 *[http://www.josephsmithdna.com/molecular-genealogy.html Some articles on DNA and genealogy].
 *[http://blog.eogn.com/.services/blog/6a00d8341c767353ef00e55065e13d8833/search/page/1/?filter.q=DNA DNA blog posts] at EOGN.com