Virginia Emigration and Immigration

United States    United States Emigration and Immigration   Virginia    Emigration and Immigration

The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of England. They first settled in Virginia's tidewater (coastal plain). Many colonists had connections to Barbados. Although the first blacks arrived in 1619, large numbers of blacks were imported beginning about 1680. Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and Scottish immigrants.

In the early 1700s, French Huguenots arrived, followed by German workers imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area. During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of Ulster Scot and German descent moved southward from Pennsylvania down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.

Beginning in the late 18th century, Virginia lost many residents as families moved westward to new states and territories. There was very little foreign immigration to Virginia after 1800.

Overseas Immigration

Colonial Period

Most surviving lists of colonial Virginia immigrants have been published in various sources. Almost all names of colonial immigrants listed in published sources are indexed in P. William Filby, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index.

The major port in Virginia was Norfolk, but many settlers arrived at Baltimore, Philadelphia, or other ports and then migrated to Virginia. In the eighteenth century, ships selling indentured servants and transported convicts often docked at ports along the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers.

McCartney completed a 20-year scholarly study of all persons known to have resided in Colonial Virginia between 1607 and 1634. She published the results in 2007 to celebrate Virginia's 400th anniversary:

• McCartney, Martha W. Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007. FHL Book 975.5 D36m.

Other studies establishing the identities of early Virginia immigrants include:

• The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660 lists many immigrants. See Virginia Biography.
• Greer, George Cabell. Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666. Richmond, Va.: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital book at Google Books.
• Standard, W.G. Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records. Richmond, Va.: The Bell Book & Stationery Company, 1911. Digital versions at Ancestry ($), Google Books, and Internet Archive. Free online surname index and purchase details for 2005 reprint at Mountain Press website.

A comprehensive list of about 140,000 immigrants to America from Britain is:

• Coldham, Peter Wilson. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1607-1776, and Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1775. Novato, California: Brøderbund Software, 1996. (Family History Library compact disc no. 9 pt. 350[does not circulate to Family History Centers].) Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.

Headright grants document the importation of settlers into the colony. They are kept at the Library of Virginia. They have been abstracted and digitized:

• Nugent, Nell M. et al. Cavaliers and Pioneers. Multi-volume.

Once the patentee's name is known it is possible to retrieve digital images of the original land office patents on the website of the Library of Virginia, see: Virginia Land Office Patents and Grants.

The Virginia Colonial Records Project can help American trace their European immigrant origins. For a description, see:

• Riley, Edward M. "The Virginia Colonial Records Project," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1963):81-89. FHL Collection 973 B2ng v. 51

Withington, like the Virginia Colonial Records Project, sought ought references to Virginians in English archives:

• Withington, Lathrop. Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. FHL 975.5 P28w

For English passenger lists, 1773 to 1776, which include emigrants destined for Virginia, see:

• Coldham, Peter Wilson. Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing co., 1988. FHL Book 973 W3c.

English officials kept records of payments made for the transportation of Anglican ministers to America, see:

• Fothergill, Gerald. A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at Ancestry ($); Google Books; Internet Archive, 1965 reprint: FHL 973 W2f 1965

Records of ethnic groups, including Huguenots, Mennonites, Scots, Germans, and blacks, are listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the subject heading VIRGINIA - MINORITIES. The following contains abstracts and indexes to wills, mentioning about 5,000 immigrants to Virginia:

• Nugent, Nell M. Early Settlers of Virginia. Baltimore:  Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists pre-1616 settlers)
• O'Brien, Michael J. Irish In America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company 1965. FHL 973 F2oi

English Immigrants

In lieu of colonial passenger lists regarding early settlers of Virginia, genealogists must rely on evidence gleaned from a variety of sources to successfully trace immigrant origins.

Scholarly articles published in The American Genealogist, the National Genealogical Society Quarterly, and The Virginia Genealogist illustrate strategies that will help Americans trace their colonial Virginia immigrant origins.

The Prerogative Court of Canterbury in London proved the wills of many residents of Virginia. For access, see Virginia Probate Records. Heraldic visitations list some members of prominent English families who crossed the Atlantic. Expert Links: English Family History and Genealogy includes a concise list of visitations available online. Online archive catalogs, such as Access to Archives, can be keyword searched for place names, such as "Virginia" to retrieve manuscripts stored in hundreds of English archives relating to persons and landholdings in this former English colony. These types of records establish links between Virginia residents and England, which can lead researchers back to their specific ancestral English towns, villages, and hamlets.

The multi-volume Calendar of Colonial State Papers Colonial, America, and West Indies (1574-1739), which is available for free online (see discussion in Virginia Public Records), highlights many connections between England and Virginia.

• Scott, Kenneth. British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979. FHL 973 W4s; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Identifies many British immigrants living in Charleston during the War of 1812.]

A standard work on early Virginia immigrants, which includes some passenger lists, is now also widely available on the Internet:

• Hotten, John Camden. The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children Stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, with Their Ages, the Localities Where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars; from MSS. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England. London: the author, 1874. Digital versions at Ancestry ($); Google Books and Internet Archive; 1983 reprint: FHL Collection 973 W2hot 1983

Brandow published an addendum to Hotten's work:

• Brandow, James C. Omitted Chapters from Hotten's Original Lists of Persons of Quality ... and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001. Digital version at Ancestry ($).

Peter Wilson Coldham has published several volumes of English records that identify, among other American immigrants, those destined for Virginia. Many English indentured servants completed labor terms in Virginia. Coldham's works are indexed in Filby's Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s (digital version at Ancestry ($)).

• Coldham, Peter Wilson. British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 2004. FHL Collection CD-ROM no. 2150.
• Coldham, Peter Wilson. The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. FHL Collection 942.41/B2 W2c; digital versions at Ancestry ($); Chronicle Barbados (Barbados entries only); Virtual Jamestown.
• Coldham, Peter Wilson. The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776. n.p.: Brøderbund, 1996. FHL Collection CD-ROM no. 9 pt. 350; digital version of select portions at Virtual Jamestown.

Runaway advertisements for colonial indentured servants often yield immigration data. The Geography of Slavery in Virginia: Virginia Runaways, Slave Advertisements, Runaway Advertisements indexes these records (for both white indentured servants and black slaves). These records can also be found in the digitized Virginia Gazette 1736-1780, available online through Colonial Williamsburg.

Colonial Ships

Though they do not include names of passengers, records kept by the Board of Trade and stored at The National Archives (Kew, England), document ships' arrivals and departures from Virginia ports between 1698 and 1774. FamilySearch microfilmed these records. They are useful for learning about the history of ships entering the colony:

• Naval Office Shippings Lists for Virginia, 1698-1774 in the Public Record Office, London. FHL Films 972825-972828.

Ships mentioned in the Virginia Gazette betwen 1736 and 1780 have been identified in the free online index produced by Colonial Williamsburg. The index links to scanned newspaper images.

Peter Wilson Coldham compiled a list of convict ships travelling between English and Virginia ports during the eighteenth century. See appendix to:

• Coldham, Peter Wilson. British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788. CD-ROM. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004. FHL CD-ROM CD-ROM no. 2150.

Names of ships can also be gleaned from colonial county court order books and English State Papers Colonial, American and West Indies.

1783 to Present

The Family History Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.

The Family History Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.

• Alexandria, 1820-1865 FHL 830231
• East River, 1830 FHL 830232
• Hampton, 1820-1821 FHL 830234
• Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 FHL 830236
• Petersburg, 1820-1821 FHL 830238
• Richmond, 1820-1844 FHL 830246  

The above lists are included in Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FHL 830231-FHL 830246. These lists are indexed in Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; FHL 418161-FHL 418348

During the War of 1812, American officials reported finding a total of 333 British aliens, many of whom had families, living in Virginia:

Richmond 105
Petersburg 50
Norfolk, Boro 36
Rockbridge 16
No place 13
Campbell, Lynchburg 11
Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg 7
Wythe 7
Culpeper 6
Fauquier 6
Henrico 6
Powhatan 5
Chesterfield, Manchester 4
Stafford, Falmouth 4
Botetourt 3
Chesterfield 3
Norfolk County 3
Botetourt, Fincastle 2
Cumberland, Cartersville 2
Elizabeth City, Hampton 2
Goochland 2
Harrison 2
Kentucky, Lexington 2
Lunenburg 2
Princess Anne 2
Washington, Abingdon 2
Accomack 1
Albemarle, Charlottesville 1
Fairfax, Alexandria 1
Baltimore 1
Bedford 1
Charles City 1
Charlotte 1
Cumberland 1
Dinwiddie 1
Elizabeth City 1
Fluvanna 1
Grayson 1
Greenbrier 1
Hanover 1
Jefferson, Charles Town 1
Loudoun, Leesburg 1
Louisa 1
Madison 1
Middlesex 1
Norfolk, Portsmouth 1
Northumberland 1
Philadelphia 1
Pittsylvania 1
Prince George 1
Prince William, Dumfries 1
Southampton 1
Spotsylvania 1
Washington 1
Westmoreland 1
Wood 1

Westward Migrants

Free native-born Virginians, alive in 1850, who had left the state, resettled as follows:

State	Persons Born in Virginia	Percentage
Ohio	85,762	22%
Kentucky	54,694	14%
Tennessee	46,631	12%
Indiana	41,819	11%
Missouri	40,777	11%
Illinois	24,697	6%
Alabama	10,387	3%
Mississippi	8,357	2%
Georgia	7,331	2%
Texas	3,580	1%
Louisiana	3,216	1%
Other	60,808	16%
Total	388,059	101%

Robertson compiled a list of Virginians in Kansas in 1860:

• Robertson, Clara Hamlett. Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina: A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. FHL 978.1 H2ro; digital version at World Vital Records ($).

Web Sites

• http://www.alexandria.lib.va.us/lhsc_genealogy_resources/citizen/citizen.html
• Immigrant Servants Database 20,000+ colonial immigrants, primary focus: Chesapeake Bay colonies (Virginia and Maryland)
• Virtual Jamestown Indentured servant registers from colonial period, which identify English indentured servants shipped to America