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It can be difficult to construct a citation when no matching example is given unless you know the underlying principles. This articles presents some basic citation principles from Chicago and Mills<ref>Elizabeth Shown Mills, ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007).</ref> citation styles. | It can be difficult to construct a citation when no matching example is given unless you know the underlying principles. This articles presents some basic citation principles from Chicago and Mills<ref>Elizabeth Shown Mills, ''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2007).</ref> citation styles. Mills Style is grounded in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), Humanities style.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 61.</ref> | ||
<br> | == Cite What You See == | ||
"Cite what [source] we actually used," not a source cited in the source we used.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 52.</ref> | |||
== Clarity == | |||
"Clarity always beats consistency."<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 462.</ref> | |||
Cite a newsletter like a journal when the extra parentheses are necessary to separate a volume number from an issue month.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 806-7.</ref> | |||
== There is No One Right Way == | |||
Researchers are allowed some latitude in constructing citations. <br> | |||
*INSERT EXAMPLES SHOWING ALLOWED VARIATIONS | |||
== Drop Redundant Information == | |||
Redundant information need not be repeated in a citation. | |||
*When publishing a genealogy article, once a reference note identifies the archive housing a collection, subsequent references to the collection do not have to repeat the archive information.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 384.</ref> | |||
*For records consulted on FHL microfilm, in some cases the repository information can be specified in the source list entry and excluded from reference notes.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 56.</ref> | |||
*When an archival set of records has both a number and a name, only the first need contain both.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 118.</ref> | |||
*When publishing a genealogy article, ''ibid.'' may be used when a citation refers to the same source as the previous citation.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 205, 273.</ref> | |||
*When publishing a genealogy article, a citation may omit elements already identified in the text.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 259.</ref> | |||
*Do not respecify ''baptisms'' in the locator information of a citation when it is clear from the title.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 324.</ref> | |||
*Do not specify the record type when it is part of the title.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 453, 495, 556.</ref> | |||
*When a location is added to the beginning of a source list entry to force desired alphabetizing, it need not be repeated in its normal position in the citation.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 462.</ref> In essence, the citation element has been ''moved.'' | |||
*Do not specify the creator's role when it is clear from the title.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666-7.</ref> | |||
*Do not redundantly add the periodical's publication place in parentheses when already specified in the title.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 806-7.</ref> | |||
*Do not specify creator if identified in the title.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 807, 812.</ref> | |||
*Do not specify both website name and podcast name when the two are the same.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 816.</ref> | |||
== Default Values == | |||
Default values in citations do not need to be specified. | |||
*"Author" is the default creator's role.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 666.</ref> | |||
*"Paper" is the default medium.<ref>CMS 15th ed., 684.</ref> | |||
== Websites are Publications == | |||
Websites are publications, not archives. Cite websites like publications and web pages like subdivisions.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 57-60 (par. 2.33-7), 626 (par. 11.55).</ref> | |||
*On large sites, it sometimes makes sense to cite the web edition of a book using the book's "home page" rather than the site's home page.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 767.</ref> | |||
== Pervasive Knowledge == | |||
Information that is common knowledge can sometimes be excluded from a citation. | |||
*In some cases, world-famous, unambiguous cities may be specified without province or U.S. state name.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained,'' 221-2, 369.</ref> | |||
== Other == | |||
*When citing a record that degrades over time, then one should specify when the record was seen. For example, grave markers degrade over time, so the citation should include the date the marker was read.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained'', 214.</ref> | *When citing a record that degrades over time, then one should specify when the record was seen. For example, grave markers degrade over time, so the citation should include the date the marker was read.<ref>Mills, ''Evidence Explained'', 214.</ref> | ||