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*Coldham, Peter Wilson. "William Roberts of Maryland: Sidelights from the British Public Records Office," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep. 1997):219-221. {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng}}
*Coldham, Peter Wilson. "William Roberts of Maryland: Sidelights from the British Public Records Office," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep. 1997):219-221. {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng}}


From 1611 to 1870, more than 50,000 British and Irish 'criminals' (consisting mostly of those whom rose up in rebellion due to the government land seizures and other harsh measures) were sentenced to deportation to penal colonies over the centuries. Beginning with Irishmen who rebelled against Cromwell's army in 1649, political prisoners were often deported and sent to Virginia and Maryland, until 1775.  
From 1611 to 1776, more than 50,000 English and Irish felons were sentenced to deportation to American colonies over the centuries. These include Irishmen who rebelled against Cromwell's army in 1649. The 1755 Census of Maryland reveals the distribution of transported convicts across the colony:
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="1"
|-
| '''County'''
| '''Male convicts (taxable; sixteen years of age)'''
| '''Female convicts (not taxable)'''
| '''Boy convicts (under age 16)'''
| '''Girl convicts (under age 16)'''
|-
| Baltimore
| 472
| 87
| 6
| 6
|-
| Ann Arundell
| 184
| 51
| 16
| 0
|-
| Calvert
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Prince George
| 73
| 27
| 1
| 0
|-
| Frederick
| 94
| 32
| 9
| 1
|-
| Charles
| 205
| 78
| 16
| 7
|-
| St. Mary's
| 29
| 13
| 5
| 3
|-
| Worcester
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| Somerset
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Dorset
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
| Talbot
| 25
| 4
| 0
| 0
|-
| Queen Anne's
| 287
| 73
| 9
| 0
|-
| Kent
| 82
| 12
| 4
| 1
|-
| Cecil
| 47
| 8
| 1
| 1
|-
| Total
| 1509
| 386
| 67
| 21
|}
 
 


'''<u>German</u>'''  
'''<u>German</u>'''  
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Histories of ethnic groups are listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under MARYLAND - MINORITIES. An example is:  
Histories of ethnic groups are listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under MARYLAND - MINORITIES. An example is:  


• Cunz, Dieter. The Maryland Germans: A History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1948. (Family History Library book 975.2 F2c; fiche 6048035.)  
• Cunz, Dieter. The Maryland Germans: A History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1948. (Family History Library book 975.2 F2c; fiche 6048035.)


=== Westward Migrants  ===
=== Westward Migrants  ===
Murphynw
407,336

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