African American Migration: Difference between revisions

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*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/68886418 National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/68886418 National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives]
*[https://freedomonthemove.org/ Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University]
*[https://freedomonthemove.org/ Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University]
*''The Underground Railroad : a Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-breadth Escapes, and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom, as Related by Themselves and Others or Witnessed by the Author : Together With Sketches of Some of the largest Stockholders and most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road,'' by William Still, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.] '''''Online at''''' [https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail00stil/page/n11/mode/2up  Internet Archive]
*''The Underground Railroad : a Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-breadth Escapes, and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom, as Related by Themselves and Others or Witnessed by the Author : Together With Sketches of Some of the largest Stockholders and most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road,'' by William Still, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.] '''''Online at''''' [https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail00stil/page/n11/mode/2up  Internet Archive]


== Network to Freedom - National Park Service ==
== Network to Freedom - National Park Service ==

Revision as of 14:48, 27 January 2025

African American Genealogy Wiki Topics
African American Image 5.jpg
Beginning Research
Original Records
Compiled Sources
Background Information
Finding Aids


African American Migration[edit | edit source]

A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.

American Revolution[edit | edit source]

Enslaved Americans migrated to Canada in search of freedom after the American Revolution See: Africans in Canada

Emigration to Canada[edit | edit source]

Underground Railroad[edit | edit source]

Network to Freedom - National Park Service[edit | edit source]

Reference Sources


State and Local Source

District of Columbia

  • Jerry M. Hynson. District of Columbia D.C. Department of Corrections runaway slave book, 1848-1863 : U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia fugitive slave cases, 1862-1863.Westminster, Maryland : Willow Bend Books,1999. FS Library975.3 F2hj

Illinois

  • Glennette Tilley Turnr. " The Underground Railroad in Illinois." Glen Ellyn, Illinois: Newman Educational Pub., 2001. FS Library 977.3 H2tg
  • Owen W. Muelder. " The Underground Railroad in western Illinois." Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2008. FS Library 977.3 H2mo

Kentucky

  • J. Blaine Hudson. " Fugitive Slaves and the underground railroad in the Kentucky borderland." Jefferson,North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2002. FS Library 976.9 F2h

New Jersey

  • Emma Marie Trusty. "The Underground railroad: ties that bound unveiled ; a history of the underground railroad in southern New Jersey from 1770 to 1861."Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Amed Literary Inc, 1999. FS Library 974.9 F2te

New York

  • Tom Calarco. The underground railroad in the Adirondack region.Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, [2011?}}, ©2004. {{FSC|3754086|item|disp=FS Library 974.75 H6c]
  • Emerson Klees. Underground railroad tales with routes through the Finger Lakes region. Rochester, New York : Friends of the Finger Lakes Pub., c1997. FS Library 974.78 H2k
  • Sydney H. Gallwey. Underground railroad in Tompkins County, (N.Y.) Ithaca, New York : S.H. Gallwey, 1963
  • Marjory Allen Perez. Final stop, freedom! : the Underground Railroad experience in Wayne County, New York. S.l. : Herons Bend Productions, c2017. FS Library 974.787 H6p
  • Susan Stessin-Cohn and Ashley Hurlburt-Biagini, In defiance : runaways from slavery in New York's Hudson River Valley, 1735-1831 Delmar, New York : Black Dome Press Corp., 2016 FS Library 974.7 H6c

Ohio

  • Margaret A. Parker, written and compiled, The underground railroad of Meigs County, Ohio. Pomeroy, Ohio : Meigs County Historical Society, c2007. FS Library 977.199 H2p

Pennsylvania

Vermont

  • Wilbur Henry Siebert. "Vermont's anti-slavery and underground railroad record, with a map and illustrations." reprint. (New York, 1969) FS Library 974.3 H2si

Archives and Libraries[edit | edit source]

Ohio Historical Society

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Harvard Library

Indiana Department of Natural Resources


Additional Sources

There was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the formerly enslaved persons would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.S. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about Harriet Tubman

For more, see: Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Community

Fugitive Slave Laws[edit | edit source]

  • Stanley W. Campbell. The slave catchers : enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 970. FS Library 973 F2acm
  • Judicial Cases

National Archives Catalog - US District & Circuit Courts Records of Fugitive Slaves Cases

National Archives at New York City

  • Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook. National Archives at New York City

FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table

FamilySearch Catalog

Runaway Enslaved Advertisements[edit | edit source]

Online Websites

Publications

FamilySearch Catalog

Emigration to Liberia[edit | edit source]

Liberia History

American Colonization Society Sources

Library of Congress

State Sources

National Archives

Publications

  • Early Lee Fox. The American Colonization Society, 1817-1840. 1919 reprint. New York, New York : AMS Press, 1971 FamilySearch Digital Library
  • William Innes, Liberia, or, the early history and signal preservation of the American colony of free negroes on the coast of Africa : compiled by American documents Edinburgh, Scotland : Waugh and Innes, 1831 FS Library 966.62 H2i
  • Tom W. Shick. Emigrants to Liberia, 1820 to 1843, an alphabetical listing. Newark, Delaware : University of Delaware Department of Anthropology & Liberian Studies Association in America, 1971. FS Library 966.62 W2e
  • Tom W. Shick. Behold the promised land : a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia. Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. FS Library 966.62 H2s
  • Eric Burin. Slavery and the peculiar solution : a history of the American Colonization Society. Gainesville, Florida : University Press of Florida, 2005. FS Library 973 C4be
  • Richard L. Hall. "On Africa's Shore." A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857. Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society, 2003. FS Library 966.62 H2d
  • Penelope Campbell. Maryland in Africa: the Maryland Colonization Society,1831-1857.Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press, 1971. FS Library 966.6 H2c
  • Maryland. Report of the Select Committee, to Whom was Referred the Subject of the Removal of the Free Colored Population from Charles County.
  • Marie Tyler-McGraw. An African republic : black & white Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, c2007. FS Library 966.62 H2t
  • Claude A. Clegg, III. The Price of Liberty : African Americans and the making of Liberia.Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, ©2004 FS Library 966.62 H2c

Migration within the United States[edit | edit source]

Enslaved Populations before the Civil War

By 1790, nearly all Africans to be imported to the United States had already arrived. They lived in primarily four states.

  • Virginia—293,000
  • South Carolina—107,000
  • Maryland—103,000
  • North Carolina—101,000
  • No other state had more than 30,000 enslaved people.

Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in the enslaved population occurred across the South. Enslaved populations in 1860 are listed below:

  • Virginia—491,000
  • Georgia—462,000
  • Mississippi—437,000
  • Alabama—435,000
  • South Carolina—402,000
  • Louisiana—332,000
  • North Carolina—331,000
  • Tennessee—275,000
  • Kentucky—225,000
  • Texas—183,000
  • Missouri—115,000
  • Arkansas—111,000

Migration after the Civil War
Between 1790 and 1900, 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
By 1960, 50% of African Americans lived in the South.

  • 100,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in late 1870's, early 1880's
  • 500,000 African Americans left the south during WWI (1916-1919)
  • 90,000 to Pennsylvania
  • 73,000 to Illinois
  • 43,000 to Michigan
  • 1 million African Americans left the South in the 1920's
  • 5 million African Americans left the South between 1940-1960
  • During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, especially to larger, urban cities.
  • By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.
  • See Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940 by Spencer Crew - at Internet Archive.

Enslaved in the North
By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern African Americans were still reported in bondage. By 1830, most northern states had required freeing of enslaved persons, although 3,600 people remained in bondage, mostly in New Jersey.

Free Blacks
In 1860, there were 488,000 free Blacks or about 10% of total African Americans in the U.S.

  • 46% of free Blacks (226,000) lived in North and West
  • 46% lived in upper South (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)
  • 8% lived in deep South

FamilySearch Center (FSC); formerly called, Family History Center (FHC)

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