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| ==General History== | | ==General History== |
| Nubians are an ethnolinguistic group of Africans indigenous to present-day Sudan and southern Egypt who originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Muslims, although not all Sudanese are considered Arabs. From the 16th–19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj Sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north. This period saw extensive Islamization.
| | [[Sudan Genealogy|Sudan]], located in northeast [[Africa]] along the Nile and its two main tributaries, the White and Blue Niles, has been home to humans for tens of thousands of years. Known as Nubia in antiquity, Sudan was home to the Kingdom of Kush, which thrived in the Nile River Basin and ruled [[Egypt Genealogy|Egypt]] as the 25th Dynasty around the 8th century BCE. Following the decline of Kush, the region saw the rise of Christian Nubian kingdoms such as Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, which lasted until the 14th century when internal decline and conversion to Islam resulted in the rise of multiple Muslim states.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of Sudan," ''Wikipedia,'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan, accessed 18 December 2024.</ref>. |
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| From 1820 to 1874 the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Between 1881 and 1885 the harsh Egyptian reign was eventually met with a successful revolt led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, resulting in the establishment of the Caliphate of Omdurman. This state was eventually destroyed in 1898 by the British, who would then govern Sudan together with Egypt.
| | In the 19th century, Sudan came under the control of the [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] and later Turco-Egyptian rule under the Egyptian dynasty of Muhammad Ali Pasha, which lasted until the Mahdist War of 1881 to 1885, led by Muhammad Ahmad. The short-lived Mahdist State was defeated by the [[Great Britain Genealogy|British]]-Egyptian forces in 1898, leading to the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of Sudan," ''Wikipedia,'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan, accessed 18 December 2024.</ref>. |
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| The 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese nationalism and in 1953 Britain granted Sudan self-government. Independence was proclaimed on January 1, 1956. Since independence, Sudan has been ruled by a series of unstable parliamentary governments and military regimes. Under Gaafar Nimeiry, Sudan instituted Islamic law in 1983. This exacerbated the rift between the Arab north, the seat of the government and the black African animists and Christians in the south. Differences in language, religion, ethnicity and political power erupted in a civil war between government forces, strongly influenced by the National Islamic Front and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the Sudan People's Liberation Army, eventually concluding in the independence of South Sudan in 2011.
| | Sudan gained independence in 1956, but its post-independence history has been marked by prolonged civil conflicts, including two civil wars between the north and the south, largely driven by ethnic, religious, and economic differences. These conflicts have spurred hundreds of thousands of Sudanese to flee the country as refugees<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of Sudan," ''Wikipedia,'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan, accessed 18 December 2024.</ref>. |
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| Since 2011, Sudan's government has been engaged in a war with the Sudan Revolutionary Front. Human rights violations, religious persecution and allegations that Sudan had been a safe haven for terrorists isolated the country from most of the international community. In 1995, the United Nations imposed sanctions against Sudan.
| | In 2011, [[South Sudan Genealogy|South Sudan]] successfully seceded from the country as a result of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Republic of Sudan (1985-2019)," ''Wikipedia,'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019), accessed 18 December 2024.</ref>. Since then, Sudan has faced ongoing political instability, including the ousting of long-time President Omar al-Bashir in 2019 and subsequent military coups. Despite these challenges, Sudan continues to navigate its complex identity and political landscape. |
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| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan]
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| ==Timeline== | | ==Timeline== |
| 1798 - 1801 The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests and weaken Britain's access to British India<br>
| | '''652''' Nubians repel a second invasion of Arab Muslim armies from Egypt, slowing the spread of Islam into the region of modern Sudan and prolonging the survival of several Christian kingdoms.<br> |
| 1882 - Britain invaded Egypt and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades<br>
| | '''1821''' Ottoman Egypt, under the direction of Muhammad Ali Pasha, begins an invasion of Sudan that will eventually conquer most of the modern country's territory.<br> |
| 1923 - Treaty of Lausanne was when Türkiye formally ceded, retroactive to 5 November 1914, all remaining claims and rights in Egypt and Sudan<br>
| | '''1885''' Upon taking Khartoum, a rebel movement led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad frees Sudan from Egyptian control.<br> |
| 1924 - Until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate territories, the north and south<br>
| | '''1899''' British troops defeat Mahdist Sudan and assert Anglo-Egyptian rule over the territory.<br> |
| 1972 - The Addis Ababa Agreement led to a cessation of the north-south civil war and a degree of self-rule. This led to ten years hiatus in the civil war. In the civil war that followed their homeland was raided looted, pillaged and burned. Many of the tribe were murdered in a bloody civil war that raged for over 20 years<br>
| | '''1956''' Sudan achieves independence from Great Britain.<br> |
| 1989 - The Islamic Movement led by its secretary Hassan al-Turabi and a military led by Omar al-Bashir launched a military coup against President-elect Sadiq al-Mahdi. Omar al-Bashir, who also became president of the National Congress Party and Sudan, seized power and began institutionalizing Sharia law at a national level<br>
| | '''2011''' South Sudan votes to leave Sudan and becomes independent.<br> |
| 2003 - The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and Justice and Equality Movement groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favor of Sudanese Arabs, precipitating the War in Darfur. The conflict has since been described as a genocide<br>
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| 2007 - The country was hit by devastating floods, with over 400,000 people being directly affected<br>
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| 2009 - A series of ongoing conflicts between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties<br>
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| [[Category:Histories]][[Category:Sudan]] | | [[Category:Histories]][[Category:Sudan]] |