Egypt History: Difference between revisions

Egypt History (view source)

Revision as of 12:39, 2 December 2024

273 bytes removed , 2 December 2024

Rewrote history and timeline to highlight Egypt's historical achievements and cultural contributions.

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 ==History==
-Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
+Egypt's history stretches back to the 4th millennium BCE, when it emerged as one of the world's earliest and most influential civilizations, known for its monumental achievements in writing, agriculture, architecture, and governance. Over the millennia, Egypt was ruled by various dynasties and empires, including the Pharaonic, Persian, Greek, and Roman, before becoming part of the Byzantine Empire and later the Mamluk Sultanate, which governed from the 13th century until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.
-Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government.
-Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. However, British military occupation of Egypt continued, and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation, nationalized the British-held Suez Canal, exiled King Farouk and his family, and declared itself a republic. In 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961.
+During the Ottoman period, Egypt became a vital province of the Ottoman Empire, blending Turkish, Arabic, and Islamic elements into its rich cultural tapestry. For genealogical research, key resources include parish registers, census records, and vital records such as birth, marriage, and death certificates. After the Ottoman period, Egypt saw significant changes with Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wāli (governor) and Pasha of Egypt, establishing a quasi-independent state in 1805. His dynasty ruled until the British occupation in 1882. The British period introduced new administrative records, including detailed censuses and civil registration documents. Egypt gained nominal independence in 1922, becoming a monarchy, and later declared itself a republic following the 1952 revolution, which saw the nationalization of the Suez Canal and the expulsion of British forces.
-Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language. With over 95 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 15,000 sq miles, where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited.
+Since gaining its independence, Egypt has navigated significant political and social transformations, including the Suez Crisis of 1956, the Arab-Israeli conflicts, and the Arab Spring. Egypt is now a transcontinental country considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypt's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century.<ref>Egypt, Wikipedia, updated 30 November 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt.</ref>
+==Timeline==
+* '''4th Millennium BCE''' Egypt emerges as one of the world's earliest civilizations, known for its advancements in writing, agriculture, and monumental architecture.
+* '''1517''' Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquers Egypt, integrating it into the Ottoman Empire.
+* '''1798-1801''' French occupation under Napoleon Bonaparte.
+* '''1805''' Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wāli (governor) and Pasha of Egypt, establishes a quasi-independent state, initiating modernization efforts.
+* '''1867''' Egypt becomes a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedivate of Egypt under Ottoman suzerainty.
+* '''1882''' British occupation begins, introducing new administrative records and infrastructure development.
+* '''1914''' Egypt is declared a British protectorate, ending its nominal status as an Ottoman province.
+* '''1922''' Egypt gains nominal independence from Britain, becoming the Kingdom of Egypt.
+* '''1952''' The Egyptian revolution leads to the establishment of a republic, the nationalization of the Suez Canal, and the expulsion of British forces.
+* '''1956''' Suez Crisis marks a significant moment in Egypt's assertion of sovereignty.
-The sovereign state of Egypt is a transcontinental country considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world, and a middle power worldwide. Egypt's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century. In 2016, Egypt overtook South Africa and became Africa's second largest economy.
 <br>
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt]
-==Timeline==
-- Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions<br>
-  - 1731, Egypt experienced six famines and the 1784 famine cost it roughly one-sixth of its population<br>
-- Napoleon defeated the Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries in the Battle of the Pyramids<br>
-- Egypt was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state a legal status which was to remain in place until 1914<br>
-- Egypt remained an  autonomous vassal state until it was declared a British Protectorate
-and the Protectorate was made official<br>
--Following a Revolution by the Free Officers Movement, the rule of Egypt passed to military hands. On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared<br>
--  Six-Day War, Israel attacked Egypt, and occupied Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War<br>
-- Human Rights Watch's report on Egypt detailed serious human rights violations<br>
-- The Egyptian military assumed the power to govern and the military dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution<br>
-- The military-backed Egyptian authorities cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, jailing thousands and killing hundreds of street protesters<br>
 ==Online Histories==
 *[http://discoveringegypt.com/newsletter-46-egyptian-history-podcasts/ Egyptian History Podcasts]