Chippewa Tribe: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 09:34, 5 April 2011
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To get started in American Indian Research
Various Spellings: Chippewa, Ojibway, Ojibwa
Chippewa is the Anglicized version of Ojibway (also spelled Ojibwe and Ojibwa). The name Chippewa is more commonly used in the United States and the name Ojibway is more common in Canada[1][2].
Bands: Missisaugaa and Salteaux Other Bands: Fish, Loon, Marten, Crane, and the Bear
Little Shell Band of Chippewa
Original Homelands: Great Lakes region; Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, North Dakota and Ontario.
Linguistic: Algonquian
See also: Chippewa-Cree
Tribal Headquarters[edit | edit source]
History[edit | edit source]
The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan)[3].
The Chippewa were exposed to non-indians in the early 1600's. The tribe established trade relations with the French. During the French and Indian War they fought with the French to protect their trade relationships.
Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribial warfare broght them together with the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, Meskwaki and Kickapoo to defeat the Illinois in 1769.
The tribe fought with and supported the British during the Revolutionary War.
Land cessions began in 1815, and continued through the mid 1800's. As land was ceded many tribal members migrated.
In 1860 the tribe was removed to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. In 1892 assigned to Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota, later assigned to the Rocky Boy's reservation in Montana with the Cree tribe with whom they had united with in the 1890's later becoming known as Chippewa-Cree
Brief Timeline[edit | edit source]
- 1622: encounter a Frenchman employed by Samuel de Champlain
- 1689-1763: fought with French in the French and Indian War, to protect their trade interest
- 1754-63: fought with French in French and Indian War
- 1769: Joined the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, Meskwaki and Kickapoo to defeat the Illinois tribe
- 1776- 1783: Fought with British during the Revolutionary War
- 1815: Ceded much of their land
- 1830: in opposition to the Indian removal Act; many of the tribe moved north to Canada. Some remained in the U.S.
- 1836: May 9, the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa sign a treaty.
- 1847: ceded land in Michigan and Wisconsin
- 1860: removed to Indian territory (Oklahoma)
- 1890's the Chippewa tribe united with the Cree tribe
- 1892: assigned to Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota
- 1916: assigned to Rocky Boy's Reservation in Montana with the Plains Cree
- 1968: the American Indian Movement (AIM) founded by three Ojibwa: Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt
Reservations[edit | edit source]
Bay Mills, Grand Portage, Leeck Lake, Mille Lacs, Red Lake, Nett Lake, Turtle Mountain, White Earth, Rocky Boy's, Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, Keweenaw Bay, Fond Du Lac, Mole Lake, Red Cliff, and St. Croix
Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands[edit | edit source]
Frederick Webb Hodge, in his Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, gave a more complete history of the Chippewa tribe, with estimations of the population of the tribe at various time periods. Additional details are given in John Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America.
Ohio History Central article on the Chippewa Indians
Bands and Other Subdivisions of the Chippewa Tribe[edit | edit source]
United States[edit | edit source]
Many of the bands or groups of Chippewa in the United States reside in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota[4]. The band names have changed or have been spelled differently over time. Many of the groups listed below have their own reservation. Some are federally recognized and have an agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs with whom they interact. Multiple groups sometimes interact with a single BIA Agency. More information will be forthcoming on pages for each of the bands or groups listed below.
Some of the larger bands of Chippewa in the United States are:
|
Canada[edit | edit source]
The Ojibway First Nation in Canada live primarily in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan[5].
Records[edit | edit source]
Agencies[edit | edit source]
- Chippewa Agency
Allotment Records[edit | edit source]
Land Tenure of the Rainy Lake Chippewa. FHL film: 965791 item 5
Correspondence and Census[edit | edit source]
| Tribe | Agency | Location of Original Records |
Pre-1880 Correspondence M234 RG 75 Rolls 962 Roll Number |
FHL Film Number |
Post-1885 Census M595 RG 75 Rolls 693 Roll Number |
FHL Film Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chippewa | Red Lake Agency, 1894-1961 | Washington D.C. and Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 417-24 | - |
| Chippewa (Pembina) | Turtle Mountain Agency, 1869-1955 | Washington D.C. and Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 595-607 | 583054-583066 |
| Chippewa, Bois Fort | Nett Lake Sub-Agency, 1908-18 | Washington D.C. and Kansas City | - | - | Roll 287 | - |
| Chippewa, Consolidated | Minnesota (Consol.Chippewa) Agency, 1890-1953 | Washington D.C. and Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 57-62 | 574216-575768 |
| Chippewa, Kansas | Potawatomi Agency, ca. 1876 | Washington D.C. andKansas City | Rolls 678-95 | - | Rolls 2, 11, 57-76,94-97,117-167,170-71,180 | - |
| Chippewa, Kansas | Osage River Agency, to 1851 | Washington D.C. | Rolls 642-51 | - | Rolls 181,140-47, 187, 229-32, 253,392-95 | - |
| Chippewa, Kansas | Ottawa Agency, 1863-64 | Washington D.C. | Rolls 656-58 | - | Rolls 417,595-607,628,649-62 | - |
| Chippewa, Kansas | Sac and Fox Agency, 1851-63,1864-69 | Washington D.C. and Chicago | Rolls 728-44 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Lake Supperior/Minnesota | Chippewa Agency, 1851-53 | Washington D.C. and Chicago | Rolls 149-68 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Lake Supperior | La Pointe Agency, 1831-50 | Washington D.C. | Rolls 387-400 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Lake Supperior | Mackinac Agency, 1853-54 | Washington D.C. | Rolls 402-16 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Lake Superior/Mississippi | Sandy Lake Subagency,1850-51 | Washington D.C. | Roll 767 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Michigan | Mackinac Agency,1903-27 | Washington D.C. and Chicago | Rolls 402-16 | - | Roll 253 | 579663 |
| Chippewa, Mississippi | Winnebago Agency, 1848-1947 | Washington D.C. and Kansas City | Rolls 931-47 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, United Band | Chicago and Green Bay, East, 1824-80 | Chicago | Rolls 132-34, 315-36 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, United Band | Council Bluffs Agency, 1837-47 | Washington D.C. | Rolls 215-18 | - | - | - |
| Chippewa, Wisconsin |
Great Lakes Consol. Agency, 1875-1952 |
Chicago | - | - | Rolls 170-71 | - |
| Chippewa, Wisconsin | Lac du Flambeau Agency/School, 1896-1932 | Chicago | - | - | Rolls 229-32 | 576918-576921 |
| Chippewa, Wisconsin | Red Cliff Agency and School, 1901-22 | Chicago | - | - | Roll 417 | 581411 |
| Chippewa, Wisconsin | Tomah Indian School and Agency,1908-34 | Chicago | - | - | - | - |
| Chippewa | Devil's Lake-Fort Totten, 1890-1950 | Kansas City | Rolls 281-84 | - | Rolls94-97 | 575786-575789 |
| Chippewa | La Pointe Agency, 1886-1922 | Chicago | Rolls 387-400 | - | Rolls 234-42 |
576923-576931 and 579725-579726 |
| Chippewa | Leech Lake Agency, 1899-1922 | Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 243-47 | 576932-576936 |
| Chippewa | White Earth Agency, 1892-1929 | Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 649-62 | 583108-583121 |
| Chippewa, Pillager | Leech Lake / Chippewa Agency, 1908-31 | Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 57-76 | 576932-576936 |
| Chippewa Red Lake | Red Lake Agency, 1894-1952 | Kansas City | - | - | Rolls 230-42, 418-25 | 581412-418 |
[edit | edit source]
1836 census - 6th article of 1836 Treaty of of men, women and children FHL Film: 982330 Item 4 or Book: Q 970.1 Al #4
==[edit | edit source]
====
Treaties
[edit | edit source]
- 1785 January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot
- 1789 January 9, at Fort Harmar - Wyandot
- 1795 August 3, at Greenville - Wyandot
- 1805 July 4, at Fort Industry - Wyandot
- November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa
- 1808 November 25, at Brownstown
- 1815 September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot
- 1816 August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa
- 1817 September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot
- 1818 Wyandot
- 1819 September 24, at Saginaw
- 1820 June 16, at Sault Ste. Marie
- 1820 July 6, L'Arbe Croche and Michilmackinac
- 1821 August 29, at Chicago - Ottawa
- 1825 with the Sioux
- 1826 August 19, at Fond du Lac
- 1827 August 11, at Butte des Morts
- 1828 August25, at Green Bay - Winnebago
- 1829 July 29, at Prairie du Chien
- September 26, 1833, at Chicago
- March 28, 1836, - Ottawa
- 1836 May 9, at Washington
- 1837 January 14, at Detroit
- 1837 July 29, at St. Peter
- 1837 December , at Flint River
- 1838 January 23, at Saginaw
- 1839 February 7,
- 1842 October 4, at La Pointe
- June 5 and 17, 1846, at Council Bluffs
- 1846 Potawatomi Nation
- August 2, 1847, at Fond du Lac
- 1847 August 2, Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior
- August 2, 1847, Pillager Band of Chippewa
- August 21, 1847, at Leech Lake
- 1854 September 30, at La Pointe
- 1855 February 22, at Washington
- 1855 August 2, of Saginaw
- July 31, 1855, at Detroit -
- August 2, 1855, at Detroit -Chippewa of Sault Ste., Marie
- 1859 July 16, at Sauk and Foxes Agency
- March 11, 1863, at Washington
- March 11, 1863, Chippewa of the Mississippi and the Pilager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands,
- 1863 October 2, at Red Lake and Pembina Bands
- 1864 April 12, at Washington, Red Lakd and Pembina Bands
- 1864 May 7, at Washington
- October 18, 1864, at Isabella Reserve
- 1864 October 18, Chippewa of Saginaw, Swan Creek and Black River
- 1866 April 7, at Washington, Bois Forte Band
- 1867 March 19, at Washington, Chippewa of the Mississippi
Black River Treaty[edit | edit source]
- May 9, 1836
- 1855 August 2,
- October 18, 1864
Vital Records[edit | edit source]
- Consolidated Chippewa Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932, FHL Film: 574229
- Lad du Flambeau Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932 ,FHL Film: 576920
- Red Lake Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1925-1932, FHL Film: 581416
- Turtle Mountain Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1932, FHL Film: 583063
Important Web Sites[edit | edit source]
- Basic facts about the Chippewa, primarily written for students.
- More detailed history of the Ojibwa or Chippewa, by Hodge
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) Available online
- ↑ *Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
- ↑ Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;A href="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm" _fcksavedurl="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Available online&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/A&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;.
- ↑ Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) Available online.
- ↑ Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) Available online.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
- Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
- Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332; FHL book 970.1 R259e.
- Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188; FHL book 970.1 G131g.
- Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
- Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
- Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
- Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands
- Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978– .
- Volume 1 -- Not yet published
- Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
- Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
- Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.4.
- Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.5.
- Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.6.
- Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
- Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.8.
- Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.9.
- Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.10.
- Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.11.
- Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.12.
- Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
- Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
- Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.15.
- Volume 16 -- Not yet published
- Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
- Volume 18 -- Not yet published
- Volume 19 -- Not yet published
- Volume 20 -- Not yet published
- Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
- Waldman, Carl. Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. WorldCat 14718193; FHL book 970.1 W146e 2006.