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{{ | {{CountrySidebar | ||
|Country=Bolivia | |||
|Name=Bolivia | |Name=Bolivia | ||
|Type=Topic | |Type=Topic | ||
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|Records=Emigration and Immigration | |Records=Emigration and Immigration | ||
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| link1=[[South America|South America]] | |||
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| link5=[[Bolivia_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]] | | link5=[[Bolivia_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]] | ||
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==How to Find the Records== | ==How to Find the Records== | ||
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*Similar to other Latin American nations, Bolivia has experienced a '''small Japanese migration'''. Beginning in 1899, a small migration of Japanese began that continued until the 1970s. Small Japanese communities were formed in the Bolivian '''department of Santa Cruz'''. | *Similar to other Latin American nations, Bolivia has experienced a '''small Japanese migration'''. Beginning in 1899, a small migration of Japanese began that continued until the 1970s. Small Japanese communities were formed in the Bolivian '''department of Santa Cruz'''. | ||
*Other '''East Asians (Taiwanese and Chinese) and West Asians (Lebanese and Syrians)''' developed their own communities in Bolivia in the late 20th century. | *Other '''East Asians (Taiwanese and Chinese) and West Asians (Lebanese and Syrians)''' developed their own communities in Bolivia in the late 20th century. | ||
*During the 20th century Bolivia received a '''small number of Jews, mainly Ashkenazi.'''< | *During the 20th century Bolivia received a '''small number of Jews, mainly Ashkenazi.'''<ref>"Immigration to Bolivia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Bolivia, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
==Bolivia Emigration and Immigration== | ==Bolivia Emigration and Immigration== | ||
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*Many of these Native and African workers' lives were cut short because of the toxic smelter fumes and mercury vapors they inhaled. It is estimated that as many as eight million Africans and Natives died from working the mines between 1545 to 1825 from harsh conditions, including asbestos, toxic gases, cave-ins, and explosions. | *Many of these Native and African workers' lives were cut short because of the toxic smelter fumes and mercury vapors they inhaled. It is estimated that as many as eight million Africans and Natives died from working the mines between 1545 to 1825 from harsh conditions, including asbestos, toxic gases, cave-ins, and explosions. | ||
*After their emancipation in the 19th century, Afro-Bolivians would relocate to a place called '''the Yungas''', which is not far north from the city of La Paz. | *After their emancipation in the 19th century, Afro-Bolivians would relocate to a place called '''the Yungas''', which is not far north from the city of La Paz. | ||
*It has been estimated that 25,000 Afro-Bolivians live in the Yungas. Afro-Bolivians spread to the east in '''Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra'''. In Santa Cruz there are more Afro-Brazilians than Afro-Bolivians. < | *It has been estimated that 25,000 Afro-Bolivians live in the Yungas. Afro-Bolivians spread to the east in '''Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra'''. In Santa Cruz there are more Afro-Brazilians than Afro-Bolivians. <ref>"Afro-Brazilians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Bolivians, accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Basque Bolivians==== | ====Basque Bolivians==== | ||
The Basques were a large source of Spanish and European immigration from the late 16th to early 20th centuries, most came as shepherds and ranchers to Bolivia's vast livestock industry.< | The Basques were a large source of Spanish and European immigration from the late 16th to early 20th centuries, most came as shepherds and ranchers to Bolivia's vast livestock industry.<ref>"Immigration to Bolivia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Bolivia, accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Croatian Bolivians==== | ====Croatian Bolivians==== | ||
*Croatian immigration to Bolivia was a migratory movement that traces its roots to the 19th century, during the settlement of the Chaco plains of central South America. The Croatian government estimates that the Croatian diaspora in Bolivia has an estimated 5,000 people, including immigrants and descendants of third and fourth generation. | *Croatian immigration to Bolivia was a migratory movement that traces its roots to the 19th century, during the settlement of the Chaco plains of central South America. The Croatian government estimates that the Croatian diaspora in Bolivia has an estimated 5,000 people, including immigrants and descendants of third and fourth generation. | ||
*The first Croatian immigrants, mostly from the '''province of Dalmatia''', arrived between the mid-19th century and early 20th centuries. | *The first Croatian immigrants, mostly from the '''province of Dalmatia''', arrived between the mid-19th century and early 20th centuries. | ||
*These immigrants settled mainly '''in the eastern region of the country, in the city of Santa Cruz; in Cochabamba; and in the southern region, around Tarija.''' Included are '''Istro-Romanians''', who became adjusted to Bolivian society because of the linguistic similarities between Istro-Romanian and Spanish, as well as Latin identity of Istro-Romanians.< | *These immigrants settled mainly '''in the eastern region of the country, in the city of Santa Cruz; in Cochabamba; and in the southern region, around Tarija.''' Included are '''Istro-Romanians''', who became adjusted to Bolivian society because of the linguistic similarities between Istro-Romanian and Spanish, as well as Latin identity of Istro-Romanians.<ref>"Croatian Bolivians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bolivians, accessed 20 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Japanese Bolivians==== | ====Japanese Bolivians==== | ||
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*The end of World War I and Great Depression shifted Japanese workers in the rubber and mining industries respectively. The only places in Bolivia that survived changes were the town of Riberalta and La Paz, which served as the Japanese commercial activities. | *The end of World War I and Great Depression shifted Japanese workers in the rubber and mining industries respectively. The only places in Bolivia that survived changes were the town of Riberalta and La Paz, which served as the Japanese commercial activities. | ||
*In the 1930s, most Japanese remained as settlers and many brought wives from their home country while most married local women; these made difference that divided the community. | *In the 1930s, most Japanese remained as settlers and many brought wives from their home country while most married local women; these made difference that divided the community. | ||
*After World War II, the government warmly permitted Japanese refugees. Treaties after 1954 guided in a new chapter of Japanese Bolivian history and the '''massive influx of agricultural settlers from U.S.-controlled Okinawa and mainland Japan'''. The need of relocating surplus populations from war-torn Japan met the Bolivian government's wish to develop the eastern lower lands in '''Santa Cruz Department'''. With the financial help of the Japanese government, '''Colonia Okinawa and Colonia San Juan de Yapacaní''' were established.< | *After World War II, the government warmly permitted Japanese refugees. Treaties after 1954 guided in a new chapter of Japanese Bolivian history and the '''massive influx of agricultural settlers from U.S.-controlled Okinawa and mainland Japan'''. The need of relocating surplus populations from war-torn Japan met the Bolivian government's wish to develop the eastern lower lands in '''Santa Cruz Department'''. With the financial help of the Japanese government, '''Colonia Okinawa and Colonia San Juan de Yapacaní''' were established.<ref>"Japanese in Bolivia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Bolivians, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Jews in Bolivia==== | ====Jews in Bolivia==== | ||
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During the 20th century, substantial Jewish settlement began in Bolivia. In 1905, a group of '''Russian Jews, followed by Argentine Jews and later a few Sephardi families from Türkiye and the near east''', settled in Bolivia. | During the 20th century, substantial Jewish settlement began in Bolivia. In 1905, a group of '''Russian Jews, followed by Argentine Jews and later a few Sephardi families from Türkiye and the near east''', settled in Bolivia. | ||
*In 1917, it was estimated that there were only 20 to 25 professing Jews living in the country. By 1933, when the Nazi era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first large influx of Jewish immigrants was in the 1930s and there were 7,000 of them estimated at the end of 1942. | *In 1917, it was estimated that there were only 20 to 25 professing Jews living in the country. By 1933, when the Nazi era in Germany started, there were 30 Jewish families. The first large influx of Jewish immigrants was in the 1930s and there were 7,000 of them estimated at the end of 1942. | ||
*After World War II, a small number of '''Polish Jews''' came to Bolivia.< | *After World War II, a small number of '''Polish Jews''' came to Bolivia.<ref name="jews">"History of the jews in Bolivia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia, accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====German Bolivians==== | ====German Bolivians==== | ||
German immigrants began to arrive in Bolivia in the 18th century, and many more arrived in the 19th century. During World War II, Bolivia ceased diplomatic relations with Germany and expelled many Germans. Many German Jews immigrated to Bolivia during the war.< | German immigrants began to arrive in Bolivia in the 18th century, and many more arrived in the 19th century. During World War II, Bolivia ceased diplomatic relations with Germany and expelled many Germans. Many German Jews immigrated to Bolivia during the war.<ref>"German Bolivians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bolivians, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Mennonites in Bolivia==== | ====Mennonites in Bolivia==== | ||
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*In 1995, there were a total of '''25 Mennonite colonies in Bolivia with a total population of 28,567'''. The most populous ones were Riva Palacios (5,488), Swift Current (2,602), Nueva Esperanza (2,455), Valle Esperanza (2,214) and Santa Rita (1,748). | *In 1995, there were a total of '''25 Mennonite colonies in Bolivia with a total population of 28,567'''. The most populous ones were Riva Palacios (5,488), Swift Current (2,602), Nueva Esperanza (2,455), Valle Esperanza (2,214) and Santa Rita (1,748). | ||
*In 2002, there were '''40 Mennonite colonies with a population of about 38,000 people'''. | *In 2002, there were '''40 Mennonite colonies with a population of about 38,000 people'''. | ||
*The total population was '''estimated at 60,000 in 2010.'''< | *The total population was '''estimated at 60,000 in 2010.'''<ref>"Mennonites in Bolivia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites_in_Bolivia. accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====White Bolivians==== | ====White Bolivians==== | ||
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*Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from Spain, beginning five hundred years ago. | *Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from Spain, beginning five hundred years ago. | ||
*European Bolivians are a '''minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population'''. | *European Bolivians are a '''minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population'''. | ||
*An additional '''68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.'''< | *An additional '''68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.'''<ref>"White Bolivians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Bolivians, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
===Emigration=== | ===Emigration=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
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:*The second notable phase of Bolivian immigration (between 1980 and 1988) was a result of Bolivia's fiscal policies in the 1970s which gave way to the hyperinflation throughout most of the 1980s. Most of these immigrants consisted of lower-income Mestizo (European/Amerindian mix) and Indigenous Bolivians obtaining work posts as service and manual laborers. | :*The second notable phase of Bolivian immigration (between 1980 and 1988) was a result of Bolivia's fiscal policies in the 1970s which gave way to the hyperinflation throughout most of the 1980s. Most of these immigrants consisted of lower-income Mestizo (European/Amerindian mix) and Indigenous Bolivians obtaining work posts as service and manual laborers. | ||
8Most of the Bolivian American population is of Quechua descent, with the majority of them hailing from the ''''Valle Alto region of Cochabamba, from towns like Tarata, Arbieto, Cliza, Punata, and Tolata, with most of them living in the DC area'''. | 8Most of the Bolivian American population is of Quechua descent, with the majority of them hailing from the ''''Valle Alto region of Cochabamba, from towns like Tarata, Arbieto, Cliza, Punata, and Tolata, with most of them living in the DC area'''. | ||
*Bolivians have settled throughout the United States, mainly in '''Washington D.C., California and Maryland; there are also large groups of Bolivian immigrants in Texas, New York City, New Jersey, South Florida, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Chicago.''' The number of Bolivians in the U.S. in 2006 was estimated at 82,322. Most Bolivian immigrants are high school or college graduates.< | *Bolivians have settled throughout the United States, mainly in '''Washington D.C., California and Maryland; there are also large groups of Bolivian immigrants in Texas, New York City, New Jersey, South Florida, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Chicago.''' The number of Bolivians in the U.S. in 2006 was estimated at 82,322. Most Bolivian immigrants are high school or college graduates.<ref>"Bolivian Americans", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivian_Americans, accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Bolivians in Brazil==== | ====Bolivians in Brazil==== | ||
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*Nowadays, the Bolivians constitute the biggest group of foreigners living in the country, with an estimated 350,000 Bolivian nationals currently living in Brazil. | *Nowadays, the Bolivians constitute the biggest group of foreigners living in the country, with an estimated 350,000 Bolivian nationals currently living in Brazil. | ||
*Bolivians started coming to Brazil in small numbers during the 1950s, with current levels of immigration beginning in the 1980s. | *Bolivians started coming to Brazil in small numbers during the 1950s, with current levels of immigration beginning in the 1980s. | ||
*About 40% of Bolivians live in the city of São Paulo, around 10% of Bolivians in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and the border cities of Corumbá (Mato Grosso do Sul) and Guajará-Mirim (Roraima) receive about 5% of the total each.< | *About 40% of Bolivians live in the city of São Paulo, around 10% of Bolivians in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and the border cities of Corumbá (Mato Grosso do Sul) and Guajará-Mirim (Roraima) receive about 5% of the total each.<ref>Bolivians in Brazil", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivians_in_Brazil, accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Bolivians in the United Kingdom==== | ====Bolivians in the United Kingdom==== | ||
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*According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, 1,143 people were born in Bolivia, making it the 140th most common birthplace for British residents.The 2011 census recorded 3,618 Bolivian-born residents in England, 24 in Wales, 113 in Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland. In 2007, community leaders surveyed by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimated that there might have been as many as 25,000 Bolivian-born people in the UK. | *According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, 1,143 people were born in Bolivia, making it the 140th most common birthplace for British residents.The 2011 census recorded 3,618 Bolivian-born residents in England, 24 in Wales, 113 in Scotland and 10 in Northern Ireland. In 2007, community leaders surveyed by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimated that there might have been as many as 25,000 Bolivian-born people in the UK. | ||
*According to an IOM mapping exercise published in 2007, the overwhelming majority of all Bolivians in the United Kingdom '''reside in London'''. According to the report, ''''boroughs with high concentrations of Bolivians included Southwark (mainly in Elephant and Castle, Old Kent Road and Peckham Rye), Haringey (mainly in Seven Sisters and Finsbury Park), Camden, Lewisham and Lambeth (mainly in Vauxhall and Brixton)''''.[9] More affluent Bolivians were reported as tending to gravitate towards '''North London''', while the less affluent lived in Southeast London.Outside of London, other concentrations were identified in '''Newcastle and Edinburgh'''.< | *According to an IOM mapping exercise published in 2007, the overwhelming majority of all Bolivians in the United Kingdom '''reside in London'''. According to the report, ''''boroughs with high concentrations of Bolivians included Southwark (mainly in Elephant and Castle, Old Kent Road and Peckham Rye), Haringey (mainly in Seven Sisters and Finsbury Park), Camden, Lewisham and Lambeth (mainly in Vauxhall and Brixton)''''.[9] More affluent Bolivians were reported as tending to gravitate towards '''North London''', while the less affluent lived in Southeast London.Outside of London, other concentrations were identified in '''Newcastle and Edinburgh'''.<ref>"Bolivians in the United Kingdom", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivians_in_the_United_Kingdom, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Bolivians in Uruguay==== | ====Bolivians in Uruguay==== | ||
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*Uruguay is a very small, quiet country, with wide beaches on the Atlantic Ocean. Some well-off Bolivians choose Uruguay as their holiday destination, a trend that is expected to grow in the near future. | *Uruguay is a very small, quiet country, with wide beaches on the Atlantic Ocean. Some well-off Bolivians choose Uruguay as their holiday destination, a trend that is expected to grow in the near future. | ||
*Other Bolivians of a lower social condition come to Uruguay in search of job opportunities, as part of a big inflow of Latin Americans into Uruguay. | *Other Bolivians of a lower social condition come to Uruguay in search of job opportunities, as part of a big inflow of Latin Americans into Uruguay. | ||
*According to the 2011 Uruguayan census, 377 people who declared Bolivia as their country of birth.< | *According to the 2011 Uruguayan census, 377 people who declared Bolivia as their country of birth.<ref>"Bolivians in Uruguay", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivians_in_Uruguay, accessed 16 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Jewish Emigration==== | ====Jewish Emigration==== | ||
*During the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated from Bolivia. In the 1990s the community had about 700 members, the Jewish population of Bolivia has remained steady since then. | *During the 1940s, 2,200 Jews emigrated from Bolivia. In the 1990s the community had about 700 members, the Jewish population of Bolivia has remained steady since then. | ||
*The Jewish community in Bolivia decreased gradually and lacks youth, as they end high school, go to universities abroad, especially in '''Argentina, Brazil, the United States and Israel''', and do not return. < | *The Jewish community in Bolivia decreased gradually and lacks youth, as they end high school, go to universities abroad, especially in '''Argentina, Brazil, the United States and Israel''', and do not return. <ref name="jews"/> | ||
[[Category:Emigration and Immigration Records]]*{{ | [[Category:Emigration and Immigration Records]]*{{FSC|1525238|subject_id|disp=Bolivia - Emigration and immigration}} | ||
*{{ | *{{FSC|1587950|subject_id|disp=Bolivia - Emigration and immigration - Indexes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
< | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Bolivia]] | [[Category:Bolivia]] | ||
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