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Slovakia Languages (view source)

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Most of the people in Slovakia speak the Slovak language. Slovak is a member of the West Slavic sub-group of the Slavic languages of the Indo-European language family. Slovak is related to Czech, Polish and Russian. The Czech and Slovak languages are very much alike. These two languages are the most similar of all slavic languages. Slovak was the official language in the Slovak lands in the former Czechoslovakia. In addition, the Slovak language may be found in the records of Slovak communities in the United States and Canada or other areas settled by Slovak
==Languages Used in the Record==
'''However, except for modern records of the 1900s, records in Slovakia were written mostly in Latin and Hungarian. Many records were also written in German.''' Other languages sometimes used in Slovak records include Ukrainian (Ruthene dialect), Czech, Slovak, [[Media:Old_Church_Slavonic_Numbers%2C_Dates%2C_and_Months_by_Matthew_Bialawa.pdf|Old Church Slavonic]], Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish.
<br>
== Word Lists - Language Aids  ==
Before 1918 the Slovak lands were part of the Kingdom of Hungary which, together with Austria, constituted the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Records written before 1918 may be in Hungarian, Latin, German, or Slovak. Slovak records often contain Hungarian, Latin, or German words.
To help you read genealogical records see the following:
*[[Hungary Genealogical Word List|Hungarian Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Slovakia Genealogical Word List|Slovak Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Poland Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Czech Republic Genealogical Word List|Czech Genealogical Word List]]
==Reading Aids==
Church records can be read easily, especially if they are on column for.  Reading aids give translations of the titles of columns.
*You can efficiently search the column with just the parents' names  in baptism records until you find a record that relates to your family.  Then you can use the translated column headings to extract the rest of the details in the record.
*You can efficiently search the column or columns with just the bride and groom names until you find a record that relates to your family.  Then you can use the translated column headings to extract the rest of the details in the record.
*You can efficiently search the column with just name of the deceased, which usually lists the parents of children or the spouse of adults, until you find a record that relates to your family.  Then you can use the translated column headings to extract the rest of the details in the record.
The Wiki article, [[Slovakia Church Records Reading Aids|'''Slovakia Church Records Reading Aids''']], gives translations of Slovakian, Hungarian, and Latin column headings.
==Additional Tutorials==
'''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br>
*'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]'''
*[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar] - Lessons on German Handwriting
*Old German Script
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Part 1]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Part 2]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Part 3 (German Church and Civil Records)]
*'''Latin in German Church Records'''
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists]
== Slovenská abeceda/The Slovak Alphabet  ==
A, a, Á, á, Ä, ä B, b C, c, Č, č D, d, Ď, ď Dz, dz, Dž, dž E, e, É, é F, f G, g H, h Ch, ch I, i, Í, í J, j K, k L, l, Ĺ, ĺ, Ľ, ľ M, m N, n, Ň, ň O, o, Ó, ó, Ô, ô P, p Q, q R, r, Ŕ, ŕ S, s, Š, š T, t, Ť, ť U, u, Ú, ú V, v W, w X, x Y, y, Ý, ý Z, z, Ž, ž
The Slovak alphabet uses several letters in addition to the 26 letters used in the English alphabet. These are á, ä, č, ď, é, í, ĺ, ľ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, š, ť, ú, ý, ž. The letter combinations dz, dž, and ch are also considered as single letters, dz and dž is alphabetized after d and ch is alphabetized after h. Letters q, w, and x are used only in words of foreign origin.
Slovak dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:
a,á,ä b c č d,ď dz,dž e,é f g h ch i,í j k l,ĺ,ľ m n,ň o,ó,ô p (q) r,ŕ s š t,ť u,ú v (w) ( x) y,ý z ž
== Lemko Language  ==
Lemko language is described as a dialect of the Ukrainian language, a dialect of the Rusyn language and more recently sometimes described as a distinct dialect of the Slovak. In any case, the Lemko tongue and the Ukrainian language are akin but not always mutually intelligible. Rusyn (also referred to as the Ruthenian language) is similar to the Slovak language and Ukrainian language; Ukrainian scholars consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian.
{| style="width:30%; border:0px"
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script.jpg]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script 2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script 2.jpg]]
|}


==Description==
==Description==
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* '''German''' - second most used
* '''German''' - second most used
* '''Russian''' - third used
* '''Russian''' - third used
NOTE: In municipalities where the minority population is more than 15% in two consecutive censuses, the minority language is considered co-official.
Before 1918 the Slovak lands were part of the Kingdom of Hungary which, together with Austria, constituted the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Records written before 1918 may be in Hungarian, Latin, German, or Slovak. Slovak records often contain Hungarian, Latin, or German words.


Map of Language Distribution in 1930<br>
Map of Language Distribution in 1930<br>
[[File:Slovakia languages.png|600px]]
[[File:Slovakia languages.png|600px]]


NOTE: In municipalities where the minority population is more than 15% in two consecutive censuses, the minority language is considered co-official.
'''However, except for modern records of the 1900s, records in Slovakia were written mostly in Latin and Hungarian. Many records were also written in German.''' Other languages sometimes used in Slovak records include Ukrainian (Ruthene dialect), Czech, Slovak, [[Media:Old_Church_Slavonic_Numbers%2C_Dates%2C_and_Months_by_Matthew_Bialawa.pdf|Old Church Slavonic]], Polish, Hebrew, and Yiddish.  


==Word List(s)==
==Word List(s)==
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* [[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
* [[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Poland Genealogical Word List|Polish Genealogical Word List]]
* [[Latin Genealogical Word List|Latin Genealogical Word List]]


==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
'''Alphabet'''
'''Alphabet'''
The Slovak alphabet uses several letters in addition to the 26 letters used in the English alphabet. These are á, ä, č, ď, é, í, ĺ, ľ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, š, ť, ú, ý, ž. The letter combinations dz, dž, and ch are also considered as single letters, dz and dž is alphabetized after d and ch is alphabetized after h. Letters q, w, and x are used only in words of foreign origin.
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm#:~:text=Slovak%20alphabet Slovak alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/slovak.htm#:~:text=Slovak%20alphabet Slovak alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm#:~:text=Hungarian%20alphabet Hungarian alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm#:~:text=Hungarian%20alphabet Hungarian alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/rusyn.htm#:~:text=Rusyn%20alphabet Rusyn alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/rusyn.htm#:~:text=Rusyn%20alphabet Rusyn alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm#:~:text=Czech%20alphabet Czech alphabet] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/czech.htm#:~:text=Czech%20alphabet Czech alphabet] - Omniglot
Lemko language is described as a dialect of the Ukrainian language, a dialect of the Rusyn language and more recently sometimes described as a distinct dialect of the Slovak. In any case, the Lemko tongue and the Ukrainian language are akin but not always mutually intelligible. Rusyn (also referred to as the Ruthenian language) is similar to the Slovak language and Ukrainian language; Ukrainian scholars consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian.
{| style="width:30%; border:0px"
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script.jpg]]
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
[[Image:Lemko Script 2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Lemko Script 2.jpg]]
|}


'''Pronunciation'''
'''Pronunciation'''
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* ''Hungarian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/809309424 WorldCat].
* ''Hungarian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/809309424 WorldCat].
* Kelly, Nancy J. ''Rusin/Rusyn -- American Dictionary.'' Syracuse: Hale Mary Press, 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/974792725 WorldCat].
* Kelly, Nancy J. ''Rusin/Rusyn -- American Dictionary.'' Syracuse: Hale Mary Press, 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/974792725 WorldCat].
Slovak dictionaries and indexes use the following alphabetical order:<br>
a,á,ä b c č d,ď dz,dž e,é f g h ch i,í j k l,ĺ,ľ m n,ň o,ó,ô p (q) r,ŕ s š t,ť u,ú v (w) ( x) y,ý z ž


'''Online Dictionaries'''
'''Online Dictionaries'''
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* Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. ''The A to Z of Slovakia.'' Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/826652886 WorldCat].
* Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. ''The A to Z of Slovakia.'' Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/826652886 WorldCat].
* Vaňko, Juraj. ''The language of Slovakia's Rusyns.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/44801109 WorldCat].
* Vaňko, Juraj. ''The language of Slovakia's Rusyns.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/44801109 WorldCat].
'''Handwriting Lessons on FamilySearch Learning Center:'''<br>
*'''[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar - 10 classes]'''
*[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/german-paleography-seminar-introduction German Paleography Seminar] - Lessons on German Handwriting
*Old German Script
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-1 Part 1]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-part-2 Part 2]
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/old-german-script-german-church-and-civil-records-part-3 Part 3 (German Church and Civil Records)]
*'''Latin in German Church Records'''
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin for Genealogists]


== References  ==
== References  ==
Garycrobinson
Reviewer, editor, pagecreator
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