Tonga Languages: Difference between revisions
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==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ||
'''Language Aids''' | '''Language Aids''' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language#Cardinal_pronouns Cardinal pronouns - Wikipedia] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language#Cardinal_pronouns Cardinal pronouns - Wikipedia] | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language#Possessive_pronouns Possessive pronouns - Wikipedia] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language#Possessive_pronouns Possessive pronouns - Wikipedia] | ||
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'''Dictionaries''' | '''Dictionaries''' | ||
* Turner, Wm Y. ''Tumbuka-Tonga-English dictionary.'' Blantyre: Hetherwick Press, 1952. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1502034 WorldCat]. | |||
*Wm Y | * Tesi, Afa. ''Tonga language: the Tonga phrasebook and dictionary.'' United States: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1080148155 WorldCat]. | ||
* | * Thompson, Richard H and ʻOfa Thompson. ''The student's English-Tongan and Tongan-English dictionary.'' Palo Alto, Calif.: Friendly Isles Press, 2000. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/49518902 WorldCat]. | ||
*Richard H Thompson | |||
'''Online Dictionaries''' | '''Online Dictionaries''' | ||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/to English-Tongan Dictionary (Glosbe)] | *[https://en.glosbe.com/en/to English-Tongan Dictionary (Glosbe)] | ||
Revision as of 09:20, 15 December 2022
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Description[edit | edit source]
The Tongan language is the official language, along with English. Tongan, a Polynesian language, is closely related to Wallisian (Uvean), Niuean, Hawaiian, and Samoan. [1]
Tongan is an Austronesian language of the Polynesian branch spoken in Tonga. It has around 187,000 speakers and is a national language of Tonga. It is a VSO (verb–subject–object) language. [2]
Word List(s)[edit | edit source]
Alphabet and Pronunciation[edit | edit source]
Tongan is written in a subset of the Latin script. In the old, "missionary" alphabet, the order of the letters was modified: the vowels were put first and then followed by the consonants: a, e, i, o, u, etc. That was still so as of the Privy Council decision of 1943 on the orthography of the Tongan language. However, C. M. Churchward's grammar and dictionary favoured the standard European alphabetical order, which, since his time, has been in use exclusively:
| Letter | a | e | f | h | i | k | l | m | n | ng | o | p | s | t | u | v | ʻ (fakauʻa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /a/ | /e/ | /f/ | /h/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/1 | /o/ | /p/2 | /s/3 | /t/ | /u/ | /v/ | /ʔ/4 |
Notes:
- written as g but still pronounced as [ŋ] (as in Samoan) before 1943
- unaspirated; written as b before 1943
- sometimes written as j before 1943
- the glottal stop. It should be written with the modifier letter turned comma and not with the single quote open or with a mixture of quotes open and quotes close.
Language Aids and Dictionaries[edit | edit source]
Language Aids
- Cardinal pronouns - Wikipedia
- Possessive pronouns - Wikipedia
- Other pronouns - Wikipedia
- Calendar - Wikipedia
- Tongan for Beginners - Unilang
- Introduction to the Tongan Language - Peace Corps
Dictionaries
- Turner, Wm Y. Tumbuka-Tonga-English dictionary. Blantyre: Hetherwick Press, 1952. Available at: WorldCat.
- Tesi, Afa. Tonga language: the Tonga phrasebook and dictionary. United States: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. Available at: WorldCat.
- Thompson, Richard H and ʻOfa Thompson. The student's English-Tongan and Tongan-English dictionary. Palo Alto, Calif.: Friendly Isles Press, 2000. Available at: WorldCat.
Online Dictionaries
Additional Resources[edit | edit source]
- C R Hopgood, A practical introduction to Tonga, London, New York, Longmans, Green 1953 - Available at WorldCat
- Noel Rutherford, Friendly Islands : a history of Tonga, New York : Oxford University Press, 1977 - Available at WorldCat
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Tonga," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga#Languages, accessed 2 Apr 2021.
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Tongan language," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_language, accessed 2 Apr 2021.