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*Canada
*Canada


1871. The Family History Library and Library and Archives Canada have the entire census, including death (mortality) schedules and agricultural schedules. {{FHL|967045|item|disp=FS Library beginning with film number 2230850}} See [[Canada Archives and Libraries]].  
1871. The Family History Library and Library and Archives Canada have the entire census, including death (mortality) schedules and agricultural schedules. {{FSC|967045|item|disp=FS Library beginning with film number 2230850}} See [[Canada Archives and Libraries]].  


1881 and 1891. The Family History Library and Library and Archives Canada have the personal schedules of both censuses.  
1881 and 1891. The Family History Library and Library and Archives Canada have the personal schedules of both censuses.  
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Most national censuses are not indexed by province. The following index has been prepared for the 1871 census of Ontario:  
Most national censuses are not indexed by province. The following index has been prepared for the 1871 census of Ontario:  


*Elliott, Bruce S., ed. ''Index to the 1871 Census of Ontario.''30 vols. Toronto: Ontario Genealogical Society, 1986–92. (FamilyHistory Library {{FHL|971.3 X22i|disp=book 971.3 X22i}}.) This is an index to heads-of-household and "strays" (persons in a household who had a different family name). It shows the person’s name, age, religion, occupation, and census district; it also shows the page number where you can find the person in the census. To see what area each volume covers, check the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
*Elliott, Bruce S., ed. ''Index to the 1871 Census of Ontario.''30 vols. Toronto: Ontario Genealogical Society, 1986–92. (FamilyHistory Library {{FSC|971.3 X22i|disp=book 971.3 X22i}}.) This is an index to heads-of-household and "strays" (persons in a household who had a different family name). It shows the person’s name, age, religion, occupation, and census district; it also shows the page number where you can find the person in the census. To see what area each volume covers, check the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:


ONTARIO - CENSUS - 1871 - INDEXES  
ONTARIO - CENSUS - 1871 - INDEXES  
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National census records are arranged by province and within provinces by census districts and subdistricts. Census districts are voting districts, not counties. Although a voting district may have the same name as a county, it may not include the same townships. In some provinces, townships are equivalent to census subdistricts. To determine which townships and counties eastern Canadian cities and villages were located in, look in:  
National census records are arranged by province and within provinces by census districts and subdistricts. Census districts are voting districts, not counties. Although a voting district may have the same name as a county, it may not include the same townships. In some provinces, townships are equivalent to census subdistricts. To determine which townships and counties eastern Canadian cities and villages were located in, look in:  


Lovell, John, ed. Canadian Dominion Directory for 1871. 8 vols. Montreal: John Lovell, 1871. (Family History Library {{FHL|360258|title-id|disp=book 971.3 E4L; films 856124 and 856125; fiche 6046766}}.) This gives the township and county of each community, which is important when searching census, land and property, local histories, and other records.  
Lovell, John, ed. Canadian Dominion Directory for 1871. 8 vols. Montreal: John Lovell, 1871. (Family History Library {{FSC|360258|title-id|disp=book 971.3 E4L; films 856124 and 856125; fiche 6046766}}.) This gives the township and county of each community, which is important when searching census, land and property, local histories, and other records.  


Since the boundaries varied from census to census, it is not easy to tell which census district an eastern Canadian township or western Canadian village was in. Contemporary maps of the census districts have been lost or destroyed. Provincial maps showing county, township, and election/census precinct boundaries as of about 1880 for the Maritimes, Quebec, and Ontario are in:  
Since the boundaries varied from census to census, it is not easy to tell which census district an eastern Canadian township or western Canadian village was in. Contemporary maps of the census districts have been lost or destroyed. Provincial maps showing county, township, and election/census precinct boundaries as of about 1880 for the Maritimes, Quebec, and Ontario are in:  


Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto: H. Belden, 1880. (Family History Library {{FHL|52221|title-id|disp=film 982194 item 5.)}}  
Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto: H. Belden, 1880. (Family History Library {{FSC|52221|title-id|disp=film 982194 item 5.)}}  


For 1871 only, useful district descriptions are in:<br><br>Censuses of Canada, 1608–1876. Statistics of Canada. Ottawa: Maclean and Roger, 1878, 5: 388–435. (Family History Library {{FHL|233684|title-id|disp=book 971 X2pc, v. 5; film 844891}}.)  
For 1871 only, useful district descriptions are in:<br><br>Censuses of Canada, 1608–1876. Statistics of Canada. Ottawa: Maclean and Roger, 1878, 5: 388–435. (Family History Library {{FSC|233684|title-id|disp=book 971 X2pc, v. 5; film 844891}}.)  


Gazetteers published in the 1880s sometimes list the "electoral county" or census/voting district rather than the county where a city or village was located. If you still cannot determine the census district, you may need to search several neighboring census districts to find your ancestor.  
Gazetteers published in the 1880s sometimes list the "electoral county" or census/voting district rather than the county where a city or village was located. If you still cannot determine the census district, you may need to search several neighboring census districts to find your ancestor.  
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Most available Canadian censuses are listed province by province, subdistrict by subdistrict, and year by year in:  
Most available Canadian censuses are listed province by province, subdistrict by subdistrict, and year by year in:  


Hillman, Thomas A. ''Canadian Census Returns'' 1666–1891. Ottawa: ''National Archives of Canada'', 1987. (Family History Library {{FHL|971 X23ht|disp=book 971 X23ht}}.) As noted above, many towns and villages were part of larger subdistricts, so they are not listed separately in this book.  
Hillman, Thomas A. ''Canadian Census Returns'' 1666–1891. Ottawa: ''National Archives of Canada'', 1987. (Family History Library {{FSC|971 X23ht|disp=book 971 X23ht}}.) As noted above, many towns and villages were part of larger subdistricts, so they are not listed separately in this book.  


Hillman, Thomas A. ''Catalogue of Census Returns on Microfilm'', 1901. Ottawa: ''National Archives of Canada'', 1993. (Family History Library {{FHL|643173|title-id|disp=book 971 X23n plus 10 microfiche 6334555}}. Not available at Family History Centers.) The book gives an overview of the personal schedules and the buildings and lands censuses available for certain localities and the districts and subdistricts in the 1901 census. The microfiche, which were originally included as an appendix, give details on district, subdistrict, and division names and numbers.  
Hillman, Thomas A. ''Catalogue of Census Returns on Microfilm'', 1901. Ottawa: ''National Archives of Canada'', 1993. (Family History Library {{FSC|643173|title-id|disp=book 971 X23n plus 10 microfiche 6334555}}. Not available at Family History Centers.) The book gives an overview of the personal schedules and the buildings and lands censuses available for certain localities and the districts and subdistricts in the 1901 census. The microfiche, which were originally included as an appendix, give details on district, subdistrict, and division names and numbers.  


The microfilm numbers in the above books are for the National Archives of Canada. Public libraries can use these numbers to order microfilms through the interlibrary loan system.
The microfilm numbers in the above books are for the National Archives of Canada. Public libraries can use these numbers to order microfilms through the interlibrary loan system.
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