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*'''Land leases and cultivation contracts:''' These kinds of contracts were established between the Chinese or Ping Pu aborigines who had obtained a cultivation license and the tenant farmer. Under such contracts, the land proprietor or landlord would let the tenant farmer cultivate the unused plain. | *'''Land leases and cultivation contracts:''' These kinds of contracts were established between the Chinese or Ping Pu aborigines who had obtained a cultivation license and the tenant farmer. Under such contracts, the land proprietor or landlord would let the tenant farmer cultivate the unused plain. | ||
*'''Farm land and land leases:''' Farm land leases were established between the landlord or small farm landowner and the tenant farmer, while land leases were established between the land proprietor and leaseholder. | *'''Farm land and land leases:''' Farm land leases were established between the landlord or small farm landowner and the tenant farmer, while land leases were established between the land proprietor and leaseholder. | ||
*'''Estate appropriation and land description agreements:''' | *'''Estate appropriation and land description agreements:''' These were agreements appropriating the estate to others for management or for defining the unclear boundary of the land. | ||
*'''Official survey certificates:''' After the virgin land had been explored and cultivated, the landowner would request an official survey of the land from the government for the levy of land taxes. After the authorities had completed the survey work, a land certificate would be issued to the landowner. | *'''Official survey certificates:''' After the virgin land had been explored and cultivated, the landowner would request an official survey of the land from the government for the levy of land taxes. After the authorities had completed the survey work, a land certificate would be issued to the landowner. | ||
*'''Land ownership certificates, land survey (measurement) receipts, and land register copies:''' When Taiwan was ruled by the Japanese, a provisional land bureau was established in the thirty-first year of the Meiji reign (1899). In Meiji 36 (1903), the bureau surveyed the ownership of all pieces of land and put them into the survey record. Receipts and certificates of ownership were issued to the landowners who would, when necessary, apply for copies of the land receipts. In 1950, the land registration record replaced the receipt, but the owner could still apply for a copy if necessary. | *'''Land ownership certificates, land survey (measurement) receipts, and land register copies:''' When Taiwan was ruled by the Japanese, a provisional land bureau was established in the thirty-first year of the Meiji reign (1899). In Meiji 36 (1903), the bureau surveyed the ownership of all pieces of land and put them into the survey record. Receipts and certificates of ownership were issued to the landowners who would, when necessary, apply for copies of the land receipts. In 1950, the land registration record replaced the receipt, but the owner could still apply for a copy if necessary. | ||
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Property deed receipts and certificates were issued to people who had paid taxes to the government after they had bought a piece of farm land or real estate. The receipt or certificate carried the names of the traders, location, area, price, and tax amount of the land. | Property deed receipts and certificates were issued to people who had paid taxes to the government after they had bought a piece of farm land or real estate. The receipt or certificate carried the names of the traders, location, area, price, and tax amount of the land. | ||
*'''The primary lessor receipt:''' This | *'''The primary lessor receipt:''' This was a kind of contract carryign details of the purchase and sale of the rental relationships or stating the rental relationships between the primary and secondary lessors. | ||
*'''Land lease receipts:''' This | *'''Land lease receipts:''' This was a kind of tax-levied contract carrying details of the rental relations between the secondary lessor or landlord and tenant or land lessor. A certain amount of deposit or rental was stated. | ||
*'''Farm cultivation and border land leases:''' This | *'''Farm cultivation and border land leases:''' This was a kind of tax-levied contract carrying the rental relations between a plain aborigine and a tenant farmer upon a piece of virgin land that had been appropriated to the plain aborigine by the manchu government. A certain amount of deposit or rental was stated. | ||
*'''Miscellaneous duty receipts:''' These included sotrage duty, port duty, and transportation duty. | *'''Miscellaneous duty receipts:''' These included sotrage duty, port duty, and transportation duty. | ||
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*'''Children adoption and their succession agreements:''' Most such documents specify the adoption of a male or blood relation, mostly nephews or sons of one's brother. In China this kind of relation was described as ''ko fang''. Adoption of a male without relation was not popular in China or in Taiwan in the past. | *'''Children adoption and their succession agreements:''' Most such documents specify the adoption of a male or blood relation, mostly nephews or sons of one's brother. In China this kind of relation was described as ''ko fang''. Adoption of a male without relation was not popular in China or in Taiwan in the past. | ||
*'''Marriage agreements, marriage-into-the-wife's-family agreements, remarriage agreements, and divorce agreements:''' There were two kinds of marriage agreements,''chien'' and ''kun''. ''Chien'' was a document delivered by the male's family to the female's family. The ''kun'' was the reverse. These documents told how proud the family was of this marriage and were full of blessings, such as the hope that the couple would be on good terms forever and that they would bear lots of children. The marriage-into-the-wife's-family agreement was used when the family was without a son or when a widow took a husband. This kind of agreement had three types: A taking in, a taking out, and a taking in and then out. almost all parties to the marriage participated in a marriage contract, which stated the conditions and terms of the marriage for both the male and female parties. When a widow or divorcee remarried, there was also a marriage contract. Divorce agreements were also known as ''yu-shu'' or ''yu-chi'' agreements. They were also called ''li-yuan'' or ''tui-hun'' agreements. | *'''Marriage agreements, marriage-into-the-wife's-family agreements, remarriage agreements, and divorce agreements:''' There were two kinds of marriage agreements,''chien'' and ''kun''. ''Chien'' was a document delivered by the male's family to the female's family. The ''kun'' was the reverse. These documents told how proud the family was of this marriage and were full of blessings, such as the hope that the couple would be on good terms forever and that they would bear lots of children. The marriage-into-the-wife's-family agreement was used when the family was without a son or when a widow took a husband. This kind of agreement had three types: A taking in, a taking out, and a taking in and then out. almost all parties to the marriage participated in a marriage contract, which stated the conditions and terms of the marriage for both the male and female parties. When a widow or divorcee remarried, there was also a marriage contract. Divorce agreements were also known as ''yu-shu'' or ''yu-chi'' agreements. They were also called ''li-yuan'' or ''tui-hun'' agreements. | ||
*'''''Chu'' (will), ''tuo-ku'' or guardianship agreements, and ''tuo-chiao-chi'' agreements:''' The ''chu'' | *'''''Chu'' (will), ''tuo-ku'' or guardianship agreements, and ''tuo-chiao-chi'' agreements:''' The ''chu'' and ''tuo-ku'' agreements mostly are related to family property taken care of by an honest relative or a friend when the heir was still young and not yet able to care for the property, or due to other reasons for which he was unable to care for his property.<br><br>The will distributed the property of forefathers, while the guardianship agreement selected an honest person or relative to manage the property in order to preserve the property. When the minor grew up, the property would be returned to him. The ''tuo-chiao-chi'' agreement was used when one had no offspring and requested someone else to assume the responsibility of making offerings to his ancestors. | ||
== Accusations == | == Accusations == | ||
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