DNA Basics: Difference between revisions

*Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Mitochondrial DNA is unique. The rest of human DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell and is divided into chromosomes. Mitochondrial DNA on the other hand resides in the cell's mitochondria (the part that provides most of the cell's energy) and it is connected in a circle just like bacterial DNA. It is also the smallest portion of human DNA being about only 16,000 base pairs long. In other words, it is about one third the size of the smallest chromosome. These unique properties cause mitochondrial DNA to be have a special place among genetic genealogists. One advantage of mtDNA are that because it resides outside the nucleus, it can only be inherited from the mother. Sperm only contains a cell's nucleus and anything outside of that only comes from the mother's egg. This means that it does not go through recombination and testing your mtDNA can reveal information about your ancestor's on your direct maternal line. The other major advantage to mtDNA is that it decomposes slower than the rest of your DNA so it is more likely to be used for solving cold cases when the person of interest is no longer alive to test. It was by using mtDNA that the remains of Richard III were conclusively identified, for example.

One major disadvantage to mtDNA is that it mutates at a slow rate. A person whose mtDNA perfectly matches yours could be related through a common ancestor that lived anytime within the past 500 years.