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== | ==Historical Background== | ||
*At the beginning of the 13th century, Germans ruled large parts of what is currently Latvia. Together with southern Estonia, these conquered areas formed the crusader state that became known as Terra Mariana or Livonia. I | |||
*The first '''German settlers were knights from northern Germany and citizens of northern German towns.''' | |||
*After the Livonian War (1558–1583), Livonia (Northern Latvia & Southern Estonia) fell under '''Polish and Lithuanian''' rule. | |||
*In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the '''Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and Russia struggled for supremacy in the eastern Baltic'''. After the Polish–Swedish War, northern Livonia came under Swedish rule. Riga became the capital of Swedish Livonia and the largest city in the entire Swedish Empire. In Latvia, the Swedish period is generally remembered as positive; serfdom was eased, a network of schools was established for the peasantry, and the power of the regional barons was diminished. | |||
*Under Swedish and largely German rule, '''western Latvia adopted Lutheranism''' as its main religion. Meanwhile, largely isolated from the rest of Latvia, '''southern Latgallians adopted Catholicism under Polish/Jesuit influence.''' | |||
*in 1795, all of what is now Latvia was brought into the '''Russian Empire.''' | |||
*Most of the '''Baltic Germans left Latvia''' by agreement with Nazi Germany. In total 50,000 Baltic Germans left by the deadline of December 1939, with 1,600 remaining to conclude business and 13,000 choosing to remain in Latvia. Most of those who remained left for Germany in summer 1940, when a second resettlement scheme was agreed. The racially approved being resettled mainly in '''Poland''', being given land and businesses in exchange for the money they had received from the sale of their previous assets. | |||
*The '''Soviet Union''' incorporated Latvia on 5 August 1940, as The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Soviets dealt harshly with their opponents – prior to Operation Barbarossa, in less than a year, at least 34,250 '''Latvians were deported or killed'''. Most were deported to '''Siberia''' where deaths were estimated at 40 percent. | |||
*During World War II, Latvia was invaded and left under the control of German forces by early July of 1941. More than 200,000 Latvian citizens died during World War II, including approximately 75,000 Latvian Jews murdered during the Nazi occupation. | |||
*In 1944, when Soviet military advances reached Latvia, heavy fighting took place in Latvia between German and Soviet troops, which ended in another German defeat. Anywhere from 120,000 to as many as 300,000 '''Latvians took refuge from the Soviet army by fleeing to Germany and Sweden'''. Most sources count 200,000 to 250,000 refugees leaving Latvia, with perhaps as many as 80,000 to 100,000 of them '''recaptured by the Soviets''' or, during few months immediately after the end of war, '''returned by the West.''' | |||
*Between 136,000 and 190,000 Latvians, depending on the sources, were imprisoned or '''deported to Soviet concentration camps (the Gulag)''' in the post war years, from 1945 to 1952. | |||
*An influx of '''new colonists, including laborers, administrators, military personnel and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics''' started. By 1959 about 400,000 Russian settlers arrived.<ref>"Latvia", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia, accessed 26 July 2021.</ref> | |||
==Emigration From Latvia== | ==Emigration From Latvia== | ||
*The majority of Latvians whom left Latvia in WWII reside in North America '''(the US and Canada), across Europe mainly in Eastern countries and the former USSR with just as many in Western Europe and Scandinavian nations''', and the rest in former '''Latvian lands in the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Belarus)'''. The most Russified of the three Baltic states, Latvia struggles with the issue of national identity after one million ethnic Russians and other Russian speaking people settled there since 1940.<ref>"List of diasporas", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas#L, accessed 26 July 2021.</ref> | *The majority of Latvians whom left Latvia in WWII reside in North America '''(the US and Canada), across Europe mainly in Eastern countries and the former USSR with just as many in Western Europe and Scandinavian nations''', and the rest in former '''Latvian lands in the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Belarus)'''. The most Russified of the three Baltic states, Latvia struggles with the issue of national identity after one million ethnic Russians and other Russian speaking people settled there since 1940.<ref>"List of diasporas", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diasporas#L, accessed 26 July 2021.</ref> | ||