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*British Columbia has around 35,000 Portuguese-Canadians, concentrated in the '''Lower Mainland (Vancouver, Surrey, Richmond, Burnaby, Delta, Coquitlam)'''. Other centers for Portuguese immigrants and their descendants are '''Kitimat, Prince Rupert, Victoria, and the Okanagan Region''' where many are fruit farmers. Many are of '''Azorean''' heritage.<ref>"Portuguese Canadians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians, accessed 31 May 2021.</ref> | *British Columbia has around 35,000 Portuguese-Canadians, concentrated in the '''Lower Mainland (Vancouver, Surrey, Richmond, Burnaby, Delta, Coquitlam)'''. Other centers for Portuguese immigrants and their descendants are '''Kitimat, Prince Rupert, Victoria, and the Okanagan Region''' where many are fruit farmers. Many are of '''Azorean''' heritage.<ref>"Portuguese Canadians", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians, accessed 31 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Portuguese Luxembourgers==== | ====Portuguese Luxembourgers==== | ||
*Although estimates of the total Portuguese Luxembourg population vary, in 2013 there were 82,363 people in Luxembourg with Portuguese nationality. They constitute 16.1% of the population of Luxembourg, making them the largest group of foreigner citizens living in the country. Prior to 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants were registered as Portuguese immigrants from the overseas province of Portuguese Cape Verde. | *Although estimates of the total Portuguese Luxembourg population vary, in 2013 there were 82,363 people in Luxembourg with Portuguese nationality. They constitute 16.1% of the population of Luxembourg, making them the largest group of foreigner citizens living in the country. Prior to 1975, '''Cape Verdean immigrants''' were registered as Portuguese immigrants from the overseas province of Portuguese Cape Verde. | ||
*From 1875 onwards, Luxembourg's economy relied upon the immigration of cheap labour of mostly Italians to work in the country's steel mills and to counter the natural demographic decline of the native Luxembourgish population. The mid-1960s saw the arrival of the first Portuguese guest workers (including Cape Verdeans, who also had Portuguese citizenship). At the time, Portugal was ruled as a nationalist authoritarian conservative regime, and an economic downturn coincided with the so-called 'Academic Crisis' and deteriorating conditions in Portugal's colonies to put further pressure on many young Portuguese people to emigrate. | *From 1875 onwards, Luxembourg's economy relied upon the immigration of cheap labour of mostly Italians to work in the country's steel mills and to counter the natural demographic decline of the native Luxembourgish population. The mid-1960s saw the arrival of the first Portuguese guest workers (including Cape Verdeans, who also had Portuguese citizenship). At the time, Portugal was ruled as a nationalist authoritarian conservative regime, and an economic downturn coincided with the so-called 'Academic Crisis' and deteriorating conditions in Portugal's colonies to put further pressure on many young Portuguese people to emigrate. | ||
*The two countries signed a treaty in Lisbon in 1970 to allow family unification. | *The two countries signed a treaty in Lisbon in 1970 to allow family unification. | ||
*When Portugal entered the European Economic Community in 1986, Portuguese citizens were to be guaranteed the same rights to the labor market as Luxembourgish citizens.<ref>"Portuguese Luxembourger", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger, accessed 30 May 2021.</ref> | *When Portugal entered the European Economic Community in 1986, Portuguese citizens were to be guaranteed the same rights to the labor market as Luxembourgish citizens.<ref>"Portuguese Luxembourger", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger, accessed 30 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Portuguese Mozambicans==== | |||
*Portuguese explorers turned to present-day Mozambique and two other PALOP nations (Angola and Guinea-Bissau) to bring black slaves to Portugal before bringing them to work for their plantations in their Latin American province, the present-named Brazil. | |||
*The first permanent Portuguese communities in the region were established in the 16th century. The whole region was divided into prazos (agricultural estates), to be populated by '''Portuguese settler families''' in the 17th century. *Mozambique was declared a Portuguese province by the 19th century. | |||
*By the early 20th century, the mainland government permitted more white emigration and settlement to the region, and Mozambique had 370,000 Portuguese settlers. | |||
*It was during this time that António de Oliveira Salazar led Portugal, in which several thousands of Portuguese citizens fled to other countries, especially neighboring '''Rhodesia and South Africa as well as Brazil and the United States.'''' *Blacks and some mestiços and whites revolted against Portuguese rule in 1974. | |||
*The return to liberal democracy in Portugal led to the independence of its overseas colonies in 1975. By July 1975 around 80,000 Portuguese Mozambicans were left in the country from around 250,000 that lived in the country in the early 1970s. Of the 80,000 only around 10,000 opted for Mozambican citizenship instead of Portuguese citizenship. | |||
*Large numbers of Portuguese residents emigrated shortly after, most of them to Portugal, where they were called '''retornados''', while others moved to '''neighboring Malawi, Rhodesia, or South Africa, and/or Brazil and the United States'''. | |||
*When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, many Portuguese and Portuguese Brazilians arrived for economic and educational aid to Mozambique. Many more Portuguese settlers returned from Portugal, it is estimated by the Mozambican embassy that about 6,000 returned.<ref>"Portuguese Mozambicans", in Wikipedis, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambicans, accessed 31 May 2021.</ref> | |||
==For Further Reading== | ==For Further Reading== | ||