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*In 2013, there were about 88,000 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; '''the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%)'''. | *In 2013, there were about 88,000 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality. In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; '''the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%)'''. | ||
*Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from '''Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia'''. <ref>"Luxembourg", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg, accessed 13 May 2021.</ref> | *Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from '''Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia'''. <ref>"Luxembourg", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg, accessed 13 May 2021.</ref> | ||
====Italian Immigrants==== | |||
See [[Italy Emigration and Immigration]], Wiki page with record links. | |||
*Between 1886 and 1914, the iron and steel industries in Luxembourg boomed and these new businesses needed workers. With native Luxembourgers emigrating in droves, there was a real shortage of manual labour. | |||
*To resolve this problem, the iron and steel industries would be forced to look for workers outside the Grand Duchy, sparking the first stream of immigrants to Luxembourg. Southern Italy was overpopulated and underdeveloped, resulting in high levels of unemployment and mass emigration. Most of those who left went to the United States or Argentina, but an important number would find themselves crossing the Alps to work in the booming industrial fields of Luxembourg. | |||
*The development of the iron and steel industries led to a dramatic rise in the Italian population in Luxembourg, from 439 in 1890 to 7,432 in 1900 and over 10,000 in 1910.<ref>"Italians in the Grand Duchy", in RTL Today, https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1470074.html, accessed 14 May 2021.</ref> | |||
====Portuguese Immigrants==== | ====Portuguese Immigrants==== | ||
See [[Portuga Emigration and Immigration]], Wiki page with record links. | |||
*In the 2001 census, there were 58,657 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality, up from negligibly few in 1960. | *In the 2001 census, there were 58,657 inhabitants with Portuguese nationality, up from negligibly few in 1960. | ||
*From 1875 onwards, Luxembourg's economy relied upon the immigration of cheap labour | *From 1875 onwards, Luxembourg's economy relied upon the immigration of cheap labour to work in the country's steel mills and to counter the natural demographic decline of the native Luxembourgish population. | ||
*The mid-1960s saw the arrival of the first Portuguese guest workers (including Cape Verdeans, who also had Portuguese citizenship). At the time | *The mid-1960s saw the arrival of the first '''Portuguese guest workers (including Cape Verdeans, who also had Portuguese citizenship)'''. At the time '''deteriorating conditions in Portugal's colonies''' put pressure on many young Portuguese people to emigrate. | ||
*The two countries signed a treaty in Lisbon in 1970 to allow family unification.<ref>"Portuguese Luxembourger", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger, accessed 13 May 2021.</ref> | *The two countries signed a treaty in Lisbon in 1970 to allow family unification.<ref>"Portuguese Luxembourger", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger, accessed 13 May 2021.</ref> | ||