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*Since the early 19th century, New York City has been the largest port of entry for legal immigration into the United States.
*Since the early 19th century, New York City has been the largest port of entry for legal immigration into the United States.
*According to immigration statistics, the state is a leading recipient of migrants from around the globe. New York State has the second-largest international immigrant population in the country among the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008; most reside in and around New York City, due to its size, high profile, vibrant economy, and cosmopolitan culture. New York has a pro-sanctuary city law.
*According to immigration statistics, the state is a leading recipient of migrants from around the globe. New York State has the second-largest international immigrant population in the country among the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008; most reside in and around New York City, due to its size, high profile, vibrant economy, and cosmopolitan culture. New York has a pro-sanctuary city law.
*According to the U.S. Census Bureau, New York has a racial and ethnic makeup of 55.1% non-Hispanic whites, 14.2% blacks or African Americans, 0.2% American Indians or Alaska Natives, 8.6% Asians, 0.6% from some other race, 2.1% from two or more races, and 19.3% Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race. There were an estimated 3,725 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders in the state in 2019. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 17.6% of the population in 2010; 2.4% were of Mexican, 5.5% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Cuban, and 9.4% other Hispanic or Latino origin. According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry White American groups were Italian (13.0%), Irish (12.1%), German (10.3%), American (5.4%), and English (5.2%).<ref>"New York (state)", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state), accessed 8 April 2021.</ref>
*According to the U.S. Census Bureau, New York has a racial and ethnic makeup of '''55.1% non-Hispanic whites, 14.2% blacks or African Americans, 0.2% American Indians or Alaska Natives, 8.6% Asians, 0.6% from some other race, 2.1% from two or more races, and 19.3% Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race.''' There were an estimated '''3,725 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders''' in the state in 2019. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 17.6% of the population in 2010; 2.4% were of '''Mexican, 5.5% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Cuban, and 9.4% other Hispanic or Latino origin'''. According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, '''the largest ancestry White American groups were Italian (13.0%), Irish (12.1%), German (10.3%), American (5.4%), and English (5.2%)'''.<ref>"New York (state)", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state), accessed 8 April 2021.</ref>
 
==Immigration Records==
 
New York City was the major port of entry for immigrants coming to the United States.
 
'''Colonial Lists'''. Passenger lists for some colonial immigrants exist. The New York State Archives has microfilmed the New York customs house records dating from about 1730, but these do not name passengers. Many early immigrants are named in:
 
*Filby, P. William. ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index''. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research, 1981–1996. Available at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($); (Family History Library book Ref {{FHL|291926|title-id|disp=973 W32p}}.) Most comprehensive index available of published passenger lists from 1607 to about 1900. Supplemental volumes have been issued annually. Some of the volumes are on microfilm.
 
A comprehensive list of about 140,000 immigrants to America from Britain is:
 
*Coldham, Peter Wilson. ''{{FHL|773852|title-id|disp=The Complete Book of Emigrants}}, 1607–1776 and Emigrants in Bondage, 1614–1775''. [Novato, California]: Brøderbund Software, 1996. Available at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49038 Ancestry] ($). Includes New York immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.
 
'''Federal Immigration Lists'''. Few pre-1820 passenger lists exist. The National Archives does have some unmicrofilmed manifests and baggage lists for 1798–1819 that mention passengers' names.
 
Ellis Island opened as an immigration station in 1892. Before that period, Castle Garden served the same purpose. Immigration to the United States peaked during the first decade of the twentieth century. An estimated 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis Island. The National Archives and the Family History Library have microfilm copies of New York immigration lists as well as lists for other ports. Ellis Island records are available online at:http://www.libertyellisfoundation.org/passenger and the earlier Castle Garden records are at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703224421/http://www.castlegarden.org/ Castle Garden website] (Archived), although they are not yet complete.&nbsp; It's a work in progress.
 
<br> '''New York City Passenger Lists.''' For customs arrival lists and indexes see:
 
'''Online Records'''
 
*'''1820-1891''' - {{RecordSearch|1849782|New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1891}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search FamilySearch] — index
*'''1892-1924''' - {{RecordSearch|1368704|New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search FamilySearch] — index and images
*'''1906-1942''' - {{RecordSearch|2299396|New York Book Indexes to Passenger Lists, 1906-1942}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search FamilySearch] — index and images
*'''1909 and 1925–1957''' - {{RecordSearch|1923888|New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925-1957}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/ FamilySearch] — index and images
 
'''Passenger lists''' '''(1820–1942).''' These contain the names, ages, and countries of origin. After 1897 they usually give the last residence and final destination in the United States. The National Archives—Northeast has the lists through March 14, 1909. The [[New York Public Library]] has them on microfilm through at least 1906. The Family History Library has the lists from:
 
*1820–1897
*1897–1942
 
'''Indexes''' '''(1820–46, 1897–1902, 1902–43, 1943–48).''' The [[Family History Library]] and the [[New York Public Library]] have the indexes through 1943, and the National Archives—Northeast has them through 1948:
 
*1820–1846
*1897–1902
*1902–1943
 
'''Book indexes by vessel line''' '''(1906–1926).''' These indexes to passengers are arranged annually by the name of the shipping line and date of arrival. They are available on microfilm at the Family History Library and the National Archives—Northeast Region:
 
*1906–1926
 
Passenger lists at the Family History Library are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog Place Search under NEW YORK, NEW YORK (CITY) - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. If your ancestor arrived in New York between 1890 and 1930 and you know the name of the vessel, you may be able to determine the date of arrival by checking ''Morton Allen Directory of European Passenger Steamship Arrivals''. (1931; reprint, Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1980; Family History Library book [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/265922-redirection 973 U3m] 1980; fiche {{FHL|117231|title-id|disp=6046854}}). For earlier years, see the ''United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, Registers of Vessels Arriving at the Port of New York from Foreign Ports, 1789–1919'' (Family History Library films {{FHL|115379|title-id|disp=1415143–69}}). The registers of both passenger and commercial vessels have both alphabetical and chronological lists of ships. These registers do not list passenger names.
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="504" border="1"
|-
! scope="col" |Time Period<br>
! scope="col" |Receiving Station<br>
! scope="col" |
Type of List<br>
 
|-
! scope="col" |1624-1820
! scope="col" |None
! scope="col" |A Few Scattered Lists
|-
! scope="col" |1820-1855
! scope="col" |Various Wharfs
! scope="col" |
Custom Passenger Lists
 
<br>
 
|-
! scope="col" |1855-1890
! scope="col" |Castle Garden
! scope="col" |
Custom Passenger Lists
 
(Including 1883-1897 transcripts)
 
|-
! scope="col" |1890-1891
! scope="col" |Barge Office
! scope="col" |same as above
|-
! scope="col" |1892-1897
! scope="col" |Ellis Island
! scope="col" |same as above
|-
! scope="col" |1897-1900
! scope="col" |Barge Office
! scope="col" |Immigration Passenger Lists
|-
! scope="col" |1900-1924
! scope="col" |Ellis Island
! scope="col" |Immigration Passenger Lists
|-
! scope="col" |1924 to Present
! scope="col" |U.S. Embassies
! scope="col" |Immigration Passenger Lists
|}
 
<br>
'''New York City Crew Lists'''
 
*'''1870 - 1943''' {{RecordSearch|2467808| New York, New York, Index to Alien Crewmen Who Were Discharged or Who Deserted, 1917-1957}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search FamilySearch] — index
 
<br>
 
'''Published Lists.''' Published passenger lists include:
 
*Glazier, Ira A., and Michael H. Tepper, editors. ''The Famine Immigrants: Lists of Irish Immigrants Arriving at the Port of New York, 1846–1851''. Seven Volumes. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1983–86. (Family History Library book Ref {{FHL|8402|title-id|disp=974.71 W3f}}.) The years 1852 through 1896 will be published later. Includes name, age, sex, occupation, arrival date, arrival port, ship, and departure date. Each volume is indexed.
*Glazier, Ira A., and P. William Filby, editors. ''Germans to America: Lists of Passengers Arriving at U.S. Ports''. 50 Volumes. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Incorporated, 1988–91. (Family History Library book Ref {{FHL|1029014|title-id|disp=973 W2ger}}.) This series indexes arrivals from 1850–1887. It will continue through the year 1896. Each volume is indexed. May include name, age, sex, occupation, village and province of origin, departure port, arrival port, and arrival date.
*Glazier, Ira A., and P. William Filby, editors. ''Italians to America: Lists of Passengers Arriving at U.S. Ports, 1880–1899''. Five Volumes. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Incorporated, 1992. (Family History Library book {{FHL|526331|title-id|disp=973 W2it}}.) This series will index passenger arrivals from 1880–1899. Currently the series has lists up to December 1891.
*Glazier, Ira A., editor. ''Migration from the Russian Empire: Lists of Passengers Arriving at the Port of New York''. Two volumes. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1995. (Family History Library book {{FHL|745670|title-id|disp=973 W3r}} 1995.) This series will index passenger arrivals from 1875–1910. Currently the series has lists from 1875 to April 1886. Includes Finns, Germans, Poles, Russians, and others who lived in Russian territories.
*Voultsos, Mary. ''Greek Immigrant Passengers, 1885–1910: A Guide and Index to Researching Early Greek Immigrants''. Three Volumes. Worcester, Massachusetts: the author, 1992. (Family History Library book {{FHL|572781|title-id|disp=973 W2vm}}.) Contains indexes and lists for Boston 1900–1910 and New York 1885–1910.
 
'''Other Ports of Entry'''. To find passenger lists for other ports, see United States, Bureau of Customs, Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and at Ports on the Great Lakes, 1820—73, under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION in the FamilySearch Catalog Place Search (on 16 Family History Library films). Other ports include Oswegatchie (1821–23), Sag Harbor (1829–34), and Rochester (1866). For indexes to these lists, see United States, Bureau of Customs, ''Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports'' (Excluding New York [City]), 1820–1874, under:
 
UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES (on 188 Family History Library films beginning with film {{FHL|67478|title-id|disp=418161}}).
 
Some records recently made available at the National Archives include:
 
*Card Manifests of Individuals Arriving in the Buffalo, New York District, 1920–1954 (166 microfilms, not at Family History Library).
*Soundex Index to Arrivals at Malone, Ogdensburg, and Rooseveltown, New York, 1929–1956 (three microfilms, not at Family History Library).
 
===Canadian Border Crossing Records===
 
In 1895 Canadian shipping companies agreed to keep passenger lists, or manifests, of people who were in transit to the United States. These lists allowed U.S. immigration officials to inspect passengers bound for the United States via Canada. The U.S. inspectors worked at Canadian seaports and major cities of the interior like Quebec and Winnipeg. The manifests from any seaport or emigration station in Canada were collected at St. Albans, Vermont.
 
In addition, U.S. immigration officials kept records of passengers arriving by train along the Canadian border in the states from Washington State to Maine. The records of Canadian border crossings into any state between Washington and Maine, including New York, were also gathered together at St. Albans, Vermont.
 
The Family History Library has copies of both kinds of immigration records. Since they were sent to St. Albans they are called Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District. Despite the name, the manifests are actually from ports and railroad stations all over Canada and the northern United States, not just Vermont.
 
Border Crossing Lists may include information about name, port or station of entry, arrival date, literacy, last residence, previous visits to the United States, and place of birth. The passenger lists are reproduced in two series:
 
*''Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1895–1954'' (608 rolls; Family History Library {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=films 1561087–499}}). From seaports and railroad stations all over Canada and the northern United States.
*''Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific Ports, 1929–1949'' (25 rolls; Family History Library {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=films 1549387–411}}). In transit to the United States from Canadian Pacific seaports only.
 
Manifests for Pacific and Atlantic ports provide two types of lists: the traditional passenger lists on U.S. immigration forms and monthly lists of names of aliens crossing the border on trains. These monthly lists are arranged by month, thereunder alphabetically by name of port, and thereunder by railway.
 
'''Border Crossing Indexes'''. In many cases, the index cards are the only record of the crossing. Two published indexes apply to New York:
 
*''Soundex Index to Canadian Border Entries through the St. Albans, Vermont, District, 1895–1924'' (400 rolls; Family History Library {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=films 1472801–3201}}).
*''Soundex Index to Entries into the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1924–1952''(98 rolls; Family History Library film{{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=s 1570714–811}}).
 
The [[Soundex|Soundex]] is a coded surname index based on the way a name sounds rather than how it is spelled. Names like Smith and Smyth have the same code and are filed together.


===Immigration via New York===
===Immigration via New York===
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